In evaluating Nietzsche's philosophy a distinction has to be made between the challenge it presents and Nietzsche's own answer to that challenge. Most people have found the challenge legitimate and exceedingly powerful while rejecting Nietzsche's own response to it. The challenge is that if we no longer hold traditional religious beliefs it is illegitimate for us to go on embracing a morality and values that derive their justification from those beliefs. Our whole position, if we do that, is phony, false. We are under obligation to, as Nietzsche puts it, reevalueate our values. In other words we need from the bottom up, to carry out a radical reappraisal of our morals and our values on the basis of beliefs that we do really genuinely hold. This is a hair-raising challenge, and one of fundamental urgency in an increasingly irreligious world. Ever since Nietzsche put it before us, it has remained the supreme ethical challenge confronting not only the West but people everywhere who no longer have faith in a religion. It set the moral agenda for the existentialist philosophies of the 20th century. And it remains unanswered in the minds of most people who have given it their serious consideration. Indeed, in the opinion of many it is the most important philosophical question that confronts us today. For this alone, Nietzsche stands at or near the head of those philosophers whom we ourselves have to come to with.
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