by Kim Pyung-woo (Attorney and Former Head of Korea Bar Association)
Serious concerns are being voiced about independent counsel Park Young-soo. Yesterday, media reported that Park plans to indict Samsung Electronics Vice Chairman Lee Jae-yong on charges of bribery. The independent counsel indicted SK Group Chairman Chey Tae-won and Hyundai Motor Group Chairman Chung Mong-koo when he was supreme public prosecutor and he would solidify his reputation as indicting all three chaebol chiefs this time.
In developed countries such as the U.S., there is a bail system which is recognized as a basic human right. But the bail system does not exist here. (In Korea, the only instance when bail is authorized is if an individual is ill and there is no bail system in the true sense of the word involving a deposit.) Therefore, in Korea, indictment is a frightening tool in which a prosecutor can detain a suspect for at least 20 days and confiscate financial ledgers resulting in the complete paralysis of business activities. Once indicted, a corporate chairman, president, and executives have to don blue prison jumpsuits for months at a detention center and be prohibited from making phone calls or meeting their family until the trial ends. (Visitors have to go through a stringent screening process.)
The constitutional right of being innocent until proven guilty is completely nonexistent. In contrast, in the U.S. and other advanced countries, bail is considered an individual¡¯s right. As a result, a defendant is always allowed to post bail after making a specified deposit. And nobody is detained until a guilty verdict is handed out.
The only obligation is to refrain from traveling overseas during the trial period and to show up in court on the designated dates. As a result, indictment is not a big deal and does not generate major news. Unfortunately in Korea, there is no system of bail. The only type of bail that exists in one where the defendant applies for sick leave after prosecutors have wrapped up their investigation. And if the defendant confessed to a crime, his or her chances of being granted bail are close to impossible.
As a result, indictment itself is a feared form of punishment in Korea and the common perception is that a company is doomed when its chairman or top official faces such a fate. Clients end up shunning business with such companies and financially sound businesses have actually gone belly up because of that. And corporate titans who are interrogated by prosecutors have every reason to cooperate and give answers they are expected to deliver.
This leads to a strong possibility of forced testimony. There is a huge difference between confessions given under duress and offered voluntarily. This has led to a primitive investigating structure in which confinement leads to confession and confession leads to guilt. The rule of law faces major obstacles in Korea due to the absence of bail.
At any rate, people who are detained give up hope. That is why so many corporate CEOs take their own lives before they are locked up. This was the choice taken by former Hyundai Group chairman Chung Mong-hun and ex-president Roh Moo-hyun. If a system of bail existed, these tragedies would not have happened.
The central investigation team at the Supreme Prosecutors' Office was abolished due to such incidents. Yet the independent counsel system still exists. Now the independent counsel must handle the responsibilities the central investigation team used to take care of. Only the name has changed, but everything else remains the same. Independent counsel Park Young-soo is cut from the same cloth as the central investigation team.
First of all, the scope of investigation is problematic. The independent counsel was appointed in order to probe the Choi Soon-sil scandal. But the independent counsel indicted the culture minister on charges of blacklisting artists who were critical of the government. This was an area the independent counsel was not mandated to probe. Yet a judge authorized the arrest warrant on the culture minister.
Did the judge issuing the arrest warrant even bother to check the scope of the investigation the independent counsel was authorized to engage in? Even if the blacklist was included, that does not mean a criminal act had been committed. Compiling a blacklist in itself does not constitute a crime. Even the police and prosecutors put together lists of suspects who need to be monitored. Shouldn¡¯t that be considered as a crime as well? This is simply incomprehensible.
In order for a crime to be recognized, there must be a punitive regulation against it according to the principle of legality. There is no law in Korea that bans public servants from putting together blacklists. That is why police and prosecutors compile such lists. And there is no law in the Constitution that considers restricting freedom of the press as a crime. If the freedom of the press guaranteed under the Constitution is violated, the plaintiff needs to file a lawsuit and the Constitutional Court makes a decision. The independent counsel cannot make a decision on constitutional violations and arrest and indict people on charges of violating the Constitution.
Page one of the Criminal Law textbook explains the principle of legality. It is a basic principle that states that crime and punishment are defined by law. Yet the independent counsel is ignoring the principle of legality. We should be very concerned that such an individual has been given so much power. An even bigger problem is that judges are granting arrest warrants sought by such an independent counsel.
This also means that the independent counsel is the law in Korea. Not only that, the independent counsel has turned to Interpol to help find Choi¡¯s daughter, Jung Yoo-ra, who has been included among the most-wanted list of terrorists. The aim is to use Jung¡¯s arrest to pressure Choi into making confessions. This is simply torture.
Today the target is Samsung, but there is no telling which major conglomerate will be targeted tomorrow. The heads of major Korean businesses are apparently too scared to make business trips overseas, since they don¡¯t know if and when the independent counsel may summon them. And the thousands of small subcontractors supplying products and services to the big chaebol are also being affected, afraid they may face a punitive tax probe.
Artists, government officials and corporate executives are all shivering in fear. Is this the role of an independent counsel? I don¡¯t think so.
An independent counsel is a system devised in the U.S. based on common law to have an unbiased expert probe abuses of power. The first case of this dates back to the Watergate scandal in 1972 in which then president Richard Nixon and his White House aides fell under strong suspicion of attempting to scale down and hide damaging evidence linking them to the burglary and bugging of the Democratic Party¡¯s headquarters. As a result, Harvard law professor Archibald Cox was appointed as Independent Prosecutor. Yet when Cox tried to obtain recordings of conversations made in the White House, Nixon fired him triggering a battle between the president and Congress. That resulted in Nixon¡¯s impeachment and his eventual resignation. That prompted the U.S. Congress to enact the Independent Counsel Law in the Ethics in Government Act.
But there is a lot of criticism in the U.S. regarding this system. The main issue of contention is its effectiveness. It is no easy task investigating abuses of power with limited staff and time. Most independent prosecutors end up wasting taxpayer¡¯s money without producing many results.
Koreans habitually adopt American things without taking the time to scrutinize them. Yet we are reluctant to adopt their concept of rule of law, which forms the cornerstone of U.S. democracy. It seems as if we are only interested in the latest trends rather than core values.
Korea appointed its first independent counsel back in 1999 during President Kim Dae-jung¡¯s tenure when the Public Prosecutor General was embroiled in a lobbying scandal involving his wife. Since then, 12 independent counsels have been appointed. Korea probably has the highest usage rate of independent counsels in the world. Yet the independent counsel have not received positive reviews. Tangible results were produce in only two instances. The rest ended up raising more suspicions. There was even a case where a person indicted by an independent counsel was found innocent in a court. This is why there are calls to scrap the system.
Abuses of power are extremely difficult to investigate. Looking at similar cases in Singapore and Hong Kong, there are seasoned investigators who have grown adept in probing such cases and only years and years of experience can lead to results. You cannot expect an independent counsel to produce results simply because he was appointed based on his clean reputation or neutral political stance.
But what we must be wary of is not the fact that an independent counsel does not produce results. Rather, independent counsels like Park Young-soo may step too far in order to produce results over a short period of time. When the independent counsel starts to get greedy, problems occur left and right, as people end up getting indicted left and right in order to get them to confess under duress. Getting people to talk with a gun pointed to their heads is not that difficult. That¡¯s what happens in underdeveloped countries.
Our police are capable of doing this too. We don¡¯t have to appoint an independent counsel and spend so much taxpayer¡¯s money. And truly adept investigators do not have to detain defendants in order to find evidence and can question them with their lawyers being present. And truly effective independent counsels use evidence gathered through such methods to win cases in court.
But independent counsel Park Young-soo appears to be behaving like an omnipotent prosecutor who is spearheading a revolution. At the root of the problem is the fact that the independent counsel¡¯s appointment was illegal.
The independent counsel is a temporary investigative organ created by the National Assembly on Nov. 22, 2016 to investigate the 15 charges brought against Choi Soon-sil. The independent counsel¡¯s team has 90 days to conduct its probe and the period of investigation can be extended. Yet things went awry from the onset. An independent counsel is appointed either by the National Assembly or lawmakers entrust the president or Supreme Court justice to do that. Yet our law has only the Minjoo and People¡¯s parties recommending an independent counsel, who the president appoints. According to the principle of the separation of the three branches of government, the National Assembly should be the organ recommending the independent counsel rather than some political group. That in itself is unconstitutional. It¡¯s like the secretary of the Supreme Court justice recommending a candidate for judge for the president to appoint.
The president is being forced to endure utter humiliation. This is an insult to our leader. Not only that, an independent counsel appointed by leftwing politicians will only end up catering to their demands rather than remaining neutral. As a result, the appointment of independent counsel Park Young-soo violated the Constitution from the beginning and goes against the principle goal of the system.
I think that Park Young-soo is behaving in such a manner, because his appointment got its start as part of a political scheme hatched by the opposition camp. This country is experiencing abnormal conditions right now. The rule of law is not functioning properly. The National Assembly ignored the principle of separating the three branches of government and usurped the authority of the president. An independent counsel whose appointment violates the principles of the Constitution and objective of the very system is indicting people left and right. And judges are authorizing arrest warrants without even considering whether they meet the principles of legality.
Independent counsel Park Young-soo is behaving like a colonial-era governor and driving the public into a state of fear. If we do not stop this, we will end up witnessing a repeat of the Cultural Revolution of China in the 1960s where the entire country was gripped by fear. Under this atmosphere, the impeachment trial cannot be proceed properly. This is a crisis involving only the president. The entire nation¡¯s safety and wellbeing are at risk.
Benjamin Franklin, one of the founding fathers of the U.S. said, ¡°We must hang all together or most assuredly we will hang separately.¡±
We need to join hands in order to confront this reign of terror. If we scatter, we will all be targeted individually. The independent counsel must be sacked, because it has mutated into a weapon of revolution.
Jan. 18, 2017
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