by Kim Pyung-woo (Attorney and former head of Korean Bar Association)
Impeachment is a process designed by the U.S. constitution to punish and remove high-ranking government officials and public servants from office by putting them on trial. It is product of the U.S. constitution, which is based on separation of administrative, legislative and judicial powers. The U.S. assembly is composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate, with the former serving as the accuser and latter as judge in an impeachment process. The entire members of the U.S. Senate serve as jury.
In the U.S. a total of 19 individuals have faced impeachment by the House of Representatives until now with 15 of them being court justices and two presidents. But only eight of the justices ended up actually being judged by the Senate. The basic principle of democracy is to determine the appointment of a president through elections and impeaching one goes against the principles of separating administrative, legislative and judicial powers of government as well as democracy. Impeaching a president is a form of political upheaval that rarely occurs in a democratic country. Such events usually occur in lesser developed countries.
Our country adopted an impeachment process since its establishment. But contrary to the U.S., no justice have ever faced impeachment. Rather, two presidents have faced impeachment by the National Assembly. In 2004, then president Roh Moo-hyun faced impeachment by the opposition party, which accounted for a majority of the seats in the National Assembly. Twelve years later, President Park Geun-hye faces impeachment with just around a year left in her five-year term on charges of being involved in an influence-peddling and corruption scandal involving a longtime confidante. The Constitutional Court dismissed the impeachment bill targeting Roh on charges of violating the Election Law by failing to maintain political neutrality, while Park is on trial at present. So far, none of our presidents have been removed from office after being impeached. But in the course of just 12 years, our nation has seen two presidential impeachment proceedings, which rarely occur even during the course of a century in other countries. Korea's political system is facing a major crisis.
Why is that? We need to focus on the fact that both Roh and Park served are serving single, five-year terms. The concept of a single-term presidency was included in the Constitution in 1987 in order to prevent a long-term dictatorship. The single-term presidential tenure resulted in the National Assembly gaining more power and the president's authority being weakened. As a result, the president often became politically cornered when
the opposition party gained a majority of the seats at the National Assembly and impeachment became a tool to wrest leadership control from the president ahead of the next elections. The single, five-year presidential term, which was adopted in order to ensure a peaceful transfer of power, ended up falling victim to the impeachment process, resulting in political instability.
From a political perspective, this contradiction is the result of the lack of trust between political parties, which are heavily divided between conservative and progressive camps. At play is a hunger for power that drives both sides to seek out each other's weaknesses and use such flaws to topple the other side. From the perspective of a legal expert like myself, the problem lies in the laws concerning impeachment. To be more precise, the problems lie in the automatic suspension of presidential powers once the National Assembly passes a bill to impeach the leader, an extremely broad set of rational justifying impeachment and the duration of the Constitutional Court's review of the bill.
In the U.S. where the concept of impeachment originates, a president's powers are not suspended. In other words, a U.S. president can prepare for the Senate's review of the impeachment bill passed by the House of Representatives while handling official duties. Former U.S. president Bill Clinton held summits with global leaders and handled his official duties at the White House while his impeachment was being reviewed over the course of about a year. This was due to the American legal principle of innocence until proven guilty. (It is absolutely frightening to think what would have happened if North Korea attacked South Korea while Clinton's powers were suspended during his impeachment trial.) In Germany, which could be seen as being the model for our impeachment process, a leader or other government official's powers are not suspended. In order to suspend a leader's authority, the accusers must argue their case at the constitutional court of Germany.
Korea is one of the few countries in the world where a president facing impeachment is temporarily stripped of his or her powers before the Constitutional Court even reviews the case. And the rational for impeachment is extremely broad, ranging from violations of the Constitution and civil laws. If the opposition gain more than a majority of the seats at the National Assembly, even a minor mistake the president commits could lead to a movement to impeach him. In other words, opposition lawmakers could easily be tempted to deliver a fatal political blow to the president and attempt to wrest control of government. Impeachment could end up becoming a powerful political tool. Politicians may be happy to be able to grab power through any means, but the citizens of Korea end up losing more than they gain. The suspension of the powers of the president, who is the supreme commander of the military, has a severe impact on our national security, while normal diplomatic activities come to a grinding halt, resulting in massive losses for our country. If North Korea launches a provocation while the president's powers are suspended or a major economic emergency erupts, such as the Asian financial crisis, effective government responses would be impossible.
An acting president replaces the leader and the ensuing emergency state of government adds pressure on the Constitutional Court to arrive at a ruling as soon as possible. In that case, the side that loses in the impeachment trial could end up protesting the ruling leading to massive protests and other major side effects. The news media and candle-light protesters at present continue to demand that the president step down from office voluntarily. If the Constitutional Court rules in favor of Park, there is no telling what the protesters will do.
Our current system of temporarily stripping a government official of his or her powers when facing impeachment may be applicable to a court justice (considering the nature of the job that requires a high level of moral integrity), but is unsuited when seeking to impeach a president. We need to revise our laws so that a power vacuum can be avoided. Also, the rational for seeking to impeach a president should be limited to grave offenses, such as abetting the enemy or fomenting civil unrest. And in order to ensure a fair impeachment trial, we need to do away with the rule requiring the Constitutional Court to arrive at a decision within six months. Only then will we be able to prevent the impeachment process from instigating national unrest by taking advantage of the single, five-year presidency.
Dec. 15, 2016
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