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FREEDOM ±³¾ç¿µ¾î (20) Why Nations Fail-¥°

Brilliantly and engagingly written, Why Nations Fail answers the question that has stumped the experts for centuries. Why are some nations rich and others poor, divided by wealth and poverty, health and sickness, food and famine?


Is it culture, the weather, geography? Perhaps ignorance of what the right policies are? Simply, no. None of these factors is either definitive or destiny. Otherwise how to explain why Botswana has become one of the fastest-growing countries in the world, while other African nations, such as Zimbabwe, the Congo, and Sierra Leone are mired in poverty and violence?


Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson conclusively show that it is man-made political and economic institutions that nderlie economic success (or the lack of it). Korea, to take just one of their fascinating examples, is a remarkably homogeneous nation, yet the people of North Korea are among the poorest on earth while their brothers and sisters in South Korea are among the richest. The south forged a society that created incentives, rewarded innovation, and allowed everyone to participate in economic opportunities. The economic success thus spurred was sustained because the government became accountable and responsible to citizens and the great mass of people.


Sadly, the people of the north have endured decades of famine, political repression, and very different economic institutions¡ªwith no end in sight. The differences between the Koreas is due to the politics that created these completely different institutional trajectories. 〈A comment on Why Nations Fail by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson〉


ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°íµµ ¸Å·ÂÀûÀ¸·Î ¾´ Why Nations Fail(±¹°¡´Â ¿Ö ½ÇÆÐÇϴ°¡)Àº ¼ö ¼¼±â µ¿¾È Àü¹®°¡µéÀ» ±«·ÓÇô¿Â(stumped) Àǹ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ö ¾î¶² ³ª¶óµéÀº ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°í ¾î¶² ³ª¶óµéÀº °¡³­ÇÑ°¡? ±×·¡¼­ Ý£(ºÎ)¿Í °¡³­¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­, °Ç°­°ú Áúº´¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­, ½Ä·®°ú ÑÆä»(±â¾Æ)¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ °¥¶óÁ® Àִ°¡?


±× ¿øÀÎÀº ¹®È­Àΰ¡, ±âÈÄÀΰ¡, Áö¸®Àΰ¡? ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÁöÀΰ¡? °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ­, ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌµé ¿äÀεé Áß¿¡¼­ ¾î´À Çϳªµµ °áÁ¤ÀûÀ̰ųª ¿î¸íÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é Zimbabwe³ª Congo¿Í Sierra Leone °°Àº ¿©Å¸ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ³ª¶óµéÀÌ °¡³­ÀÇ ¼ö··¿¡ ºüÁ®ÀÖ´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡ Botswana´Â ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ºü¸£°Ô ¼ºÀåÇÏ´Â ³ª¶óµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ µÈ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¼³¸íÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡?


Daron Acemoglu¿Í James RobinsonÀº °æÁ¦ ¼ºÀå (ȤÀº ¼ºÀåÀÇ °á¿©)ÀÇ ±âÀú¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â °ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ ¸¸µå´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû ±×¸®°í °æÁ¦Àû Á¦µµ(institutions)¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ´ÜÈ£ÇÏ°Ô º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¸ÅȤÀûÀÎ ãùÖÇ(½Ç·Ê) ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¸¸À» µç´Ù¸é, Korea(³²ºÏÇÑ)´Â ´ë´ÜÈ÷ µ¿ÁúÀûÀÎ ¹ÎÁ·(nation)ÀÌÁö¸¸ ³²ÇÑ¿¡ »ç´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ÀڸŵéÀº ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ±¹¹Îµé ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ºÏÇÑ ÀιÎÀº Áö±¸»ó¿¡¼­ °¡Àå °¡³­ÇÑ Àιεé ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. ³²ÂÊÀº Àμ¾Æ¼ºê¸¦ âÁ¶ÇÏ°í Çõ½ÅÀ» º¸»óÇØÁÖ°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô °æÁ¦Àû ±âȸ¸¦ Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â »çȸ¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ³»¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¹ßµ¿ÀÌ °É¸°(spurred:¹ÚÂ÷¸¦ °¡ÇÏ´Ù) °æÁ¦Àû ¼º°øÀº Á¤ºÎ°¡ ½Ã¹Îµé°ú ±¹¹Î ´ëÁß¿¡°Ô Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Á³±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù.


½½ÇÁ°Ôµµ, ºÏÂÊÀÇ ÀιεéÀº ¼ö½Ê ³â°£ÀÇ ±â¾Æ¿Í Á¤Ä¡Àû ¾ÐÁ¦¿Í ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¸¥ °æÁ¦Á¦µµ¸¦ °Þ¾ú´Ù¡ª³¡ÀÌ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀº ä·Î. µÎ Korea »çÀÌÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ÀÌµé ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ ±ËÀû(¿ª»ç)À» ¸¸µç Á¤Ä¡ ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 〈¡®±¹°¡´Â ¿Ö ½ÇÆÐÇϴ°¡¡¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÆò〉



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