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Having said that Individuality is the same thing with development, and that it is only the cultivation of individuality which produces, or can produce, well-developed human beings, I might here close the argument: for what more or better can be said of any condition of human affairs, than that it brings human beings themselves nearer to the best thing they can be? or what worse can be said of any obstruction to good, than that it prevents this? Doubtless, however, these considerations will not suffice to convince those who most need convincing; and it is necessary further to show that these developed human beings are of some use to the underdeveloped¡ªto point out to those who do not desire liberty, and would not avail themselves of it, that they may be in some intelligible manner rewarded for allowing other people to make use of it without hinderance.


In the first place, then, I would suggest that they might possibly learn something from them. It will not be denied by anybody that originality is a valuable element in human affairs. There is always need of persons not only to discover new truths, and point out when what were once truth are true no longer, but also commence new practices, and set the example of more enlightened conduct, and better taste and sense in human life. This cannot well be gainsaid by anybody who does not believe that the world has already attained perfection in all its ways and practices. 〈J.S. Mill〉 


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¿µ±¹ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ J.S. MillÀº ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¶ó°í ÀÏÄþîÁø´Ù. ±×´Â ¸ðµç ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéó·³ °³ÀÎÀÌ °¡Áø »ý°¢ÀÇ ÈûÀ» ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â °ü½ÀÀûÀÎ »ý°¢, ïÒàã(Á¤¼³), ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î ³»·Á¿Â ÁöÇý µîÀÌ °³ÀÎÀÇ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ »ý°¢À» ¾ô¾î¸Å´Â °Í¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â Àΰ£Àº ½ÇÁ¦·Î °ËÁõµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ½Å³äÀÇ Áø½Ç¼º¿¡ ½º½º·Î Àß ¼Ó´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ùµ¿¾È »çȸÀûÀ¸·Î Áø¸®³ª »ç½Ç·Î °øÀεǾî¿Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ »ç»óÀ̳ª °üÇ൵ °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ¸¹Àº µµÀü¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ¾î¼­ °ËÁõÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº Àΰ£ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀÌ ¾î¶°ÇÑ Á¦¾àµµ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÇ°ßÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¶§ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ±¹°¡¿Í »çȸ°¡ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Çູ°ú ¹ßÀüÀ¸·Î °¡´Â ±æÀÌ´Ù.


Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ º¸È£Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¹ÐÀº ¡°úª(ÇØ)ÀÇ ¿øÄ¢(harm principle)¡±À̶ó´Â °ø½ÄÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. Áï ±×´Â ¡°±¹°¡°¡ ¹®¸í»çȸÀÇ ¾î´À °³Àο¡°Ô¶óµµ Á¤´çÇÏ°Ô ±Ç·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀº ±× °³ÀÎÀÌ Å¸Àε鿡°Ô úª¸¦ ³¢Ä¡´Â °ÍÀ» ¿¹¹æÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½±°Ô ¸»Çؼ­ ŸÀο¡°Ô úª¸¦ ³¢Ä¡Áö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ ±¹°¡´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ¹ÚÅ»Çϰųª ħÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


MillÀº ÂüÀÌµç °ÅÁþÀ̵ç ÇÑ °³ÀÎÀÌ °¡Áø »ý°¢(opinion)ÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ħ¹¬½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀº Ưº°ÇÑ ¾ÇÀÌ µÈ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Àηù°¡ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î ÀÚ»êÀ» °­Å»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹ÐÀº ¡°ÀÚÀ¯·Ð(On Liberty)¡±¿¡¼­ ¡°¸¸¾à ±× ÀÇ°ßÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù¸é ±×°Í(Ç¥ÇöÀ» ħ¹¬½ÃÅ°´Â °Í)Àº °ÅÁþÀ» Áø½Ç°ú ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¸¦ ¹ÚÅ»´çÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ°í, ¸¸¾à ±× ÀÇ°ßÀÌ Æ²¸° °ÍÀ̶ó¸é Àηù´Â °ÅÁþÀÌ Âü°ú Ãæµ¹ÇÒ ¶§ »ý»êµÇ´Â ÂüÀÇ º¸´Ù ´õ ¼±¸íÇÑ ÀÚ°¢°ú º¸´Ù ´õ »ý»ýÇÑ Âü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀλóÀ» »ó½ÇÇÏ°Ô µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¼öÀÇ ÀÇ°ß¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®, ½ÉÁö¾î Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î À߸ø »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®, ³ôÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »ý°¢µµ Ʋ¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®, ƯÈ÷ ±Ç·ÂÀÚµéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ »ý°¢Àº Ʋ¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í °­·ÂÇÏ°Ô È®½ÅÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§¶óµµ ±×°ÍÀÌ Æ²·È´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®, Áï Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯´Â ½Å¼ººÒ°¡Ä§ÀÇ ±Ç¸®°¡ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.


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