56. How did I do that?
Dec 11th 2008 From The Economist print edition

56-1-251
TWO earlier books by Malcolm Gladwell, 'The Tipping Point' and 'Blink', were more than just bestsellers: they became compulsory reading for the intellectually fashionable. Journalists and politicians, in particular, loved Mr Gladwell's concept of the tipping point, the moment when a trend flips into irreversible change, because it lends the power of apparent inevitability to almost any argument.
In his latest book, 'Outliers', Mr Gladwell employs many of the techniques that made the other two so engaging. To illustrate a 'big idea' that appears to challenge conventional thinking, he deploys a series of well-told anecdotes that combine seamlessly with popularised accounts of relevant academic research and case studies. This time the stories remain as intriguing as ever, but Mr Gladwell's 'big idea' (or ideas, as there are actually two in this book) is unlikely to take even the least reflective reader by surprise. His main theme is that great success is hardly ever solely the result of extraordinary innate talent but of other factors, such as luck, accidents of timing, exceptional opportunity and an appetite for plain hard work. The other is that we are all of us, for better or worse, products of our cultural background.

A. 어휘
tip 뒤집어엎다, 넘어뜨리다. tipping point 전환점. blink 눈을 깜짝깜짝하다.
compulsory 강제적인.
the intellectually fashionable 知的(지적)인 유행을 쫓는 사람들.
concept 개념. trend 경향, 방향. flip 튀기다, 팔락팔락 움직이다.
irreversible 뒤집을 수 없는, 되 돌이킬 수 없는. apparent 명백한.
inevitability 불가피, 必然(필연). outlier 국외자. engaging 매력적인.
illustrate 例證(예증)하다. conventional 틀에 박힌, 전통적인, 관습적인.
deploy 배치하다, 전개하다. anecdote 逸話(일화). seamlessly 이음매가 없이, 매끄럽게.
popularised 대중화된, 널리 보급된. account 보고(서), 記事(기사), 이야기.
relevant 관련된, 적절한. academic research 학문적 연구.
case study 事例硏究(사례연구). intriguing 흥미를 끄는.
take . . .by surprise 기습하다, 놀라게 하다. reflective 내성적인.
the least reflective reader 가장 반응을 잘하는 독자. theme 주제. solely 단독으로.
innate 선천적인. factor 요인. exceptional 예외적인, 異例的(이례적)인.
appetite 욕구, 기호, 식욕. for better or worse 좋든 나쁘든. product 産物(산물).

56-2-252
He starts with the example of elite Canadian ice-hockey players, nearly all of whom, it turns out, were born in the first three months of the year. How can this be, he asks, when the selection process is supposed to be based on pure meritocracy? It turns out that it has nothing to do with astrological predetermination, and everything to do with the fact that each school year's eligibility cut off for hockey is January 1st. When they are very young, boys who were born near the beginning of the year tend to have a size and strength advantage over boys born later. Thus they are the ones who are picked to play in the better teams, get to play more matches and are exposed to the best coaching. By the time they are in their teens, they really are better players than those whose birthdays fell later in the year. The point of this story is that though natural ability is important other things matter more in determining success.
Similarly, Mr Gladwell finds when examining the careers of two of the men responsible for the computer revolution, Microsoft's Bill Gates and Sun's Bill Joy, that chance, timing and opportunities to practice had as much to do with their achievement as their undeniable brilliance. In Mr Gates's case, he had the good fortune to be sent to an expensive school that in 1968, when he was 13, could give him almost unlimited access to a time-sharing computer terminal, something nearly unheard of at the time. When the personal computer (invented, but never taken seriously, by IBM) came along a few years later, he had exactly the right combination of age and experience to spot its potential. The rest is history.

A. 어휘
turn out 판명되다. selection process 선수선발과정. pure 순수한.
meritocracy 實力(실력), 실력사회, 영재교육제도.
have nothing to do with ... 와 관계가 없다. astrological 占星術(점성술)의.
predetermination 先決(선결), 예정.
astrological predetermination 태어나기 전에 이미 운명이 정해지는 것.
eligibility 입회 자격, 被選擧權(피선거권).
expose 노출하다. be exposed to (어떤 방향으로)향하다. natural 천부적인.
matter 중요하다. undeniable 부인할 수 없는. brilliance 卓越(탁월), 傑出(걸출), 밝음.
unlimited access 무제한의 접근. time-sharing (컴퓨터)타임셰어링, 時分割(시분할).
spot 알아 보다. potential 가능성, 잠재력.
The rest is history. 나머지( 그 다음은) 다 아는 이야기이다.

B. 구문
- it has nothing to do with . . . for hockey is January 1st.
cf. cut off for hockey 하키선수 선발을 위해 정해진
[그것(하키선수 선발)은 점성술적 선결(타고난 재능, 운명)과는 전혀 관계없고 매년(학년) 하키 선수선발 자격기준 날자가 1월 1일 이라는 사실과 전적인 관계가 있다.]
- Similarly, Mr Gladwell finds . . . as their undeniable brilliance.
cf. when examining→when he examines→examining→when examining.
that 절 이하는 동사 find 의 목적어 명사절.
[컴퓨터혁명을 이룩한 Microsoft의 Bill Gates와 Sun의 Bill Joy 두 사람의 경력을 조사하면서 Gladwell 은 그 들 두 사람의 뛰어난 재능만큼 우연과 실행을 위한 타이밍과 기회도 그들의 성취에 관계가 있었다는 것을 발견하였다.]