53-3-241
His group's first study was conducted in an alley that is frequently used to park bicycles. As in all of their experiments, the researchers created two conditions: one of order and the other of disorder. In the former, the walls of the alley were freshly paintedin the latter, they were tagged with graffiti (but not elaborately, to avoid the perception that it might be art). In both states a large sign prohibiting graffiti was put up, so that it would not be missed by anyone who came to collect a bicycle. All the bikes then had a flyer promoting a non-existent sports shop attached to their handlebars. This needed to be removed before a bicycle could be ridden.
When owners returned, their behaviour was secretly observed. There were no rubbish bins in the alley, so a cyclist had three choices. He could take the flyer with him, hang it on another bicycle (which the researchers counted as littering) or throw it to the floor. When the alley contained graffiti, 69% of the riders littered compared with 33% when the walls were clean.
To remove one possible biasthat litter encourages more litterthe researchers inconspicuously picked up each castaway flyer. Nor, they say, could the effect be explained by litterers assuming that because the spraying of graffiti had not been prevented, it was also unlikely that they would be caught. Littering, Dr Keizer observes, is generally tolerated by the police in Groningen.

A. 어휘
conduct 실행하다, 관리하다. alley 뒷골목, 골목길. frequently 자주, 빈번하게.
park 주차하다. tag 덧붙이다. elaborately 공들여서, 정밀하게. perception 지각.
state 상태, 사태. sign 경고문, 게시판. prohibit 금지하다. collect a bicycle 자전거를 찾으러 오다. flyer 광고지, 전단, 삐라. handlebars 자전거의 핸들.
remove 제거하다. ride-rode-ridden (자전거나 차를) 타다.
rubbish bin 쓰레기 통. count as littering 쓰레기 投棄(투기)로 간주하다.
remove 제거하다. ride-rode-ridden (자전거나 차를) 타다. bias 先入觀(선입관).
inconspicuously 눈에 띄지 않게. castaway 내버려진.

B. 구문
- to avoid the perception that it might be art.
[낙서를 화가가 그린 예술작품이라고 생각하지 않도록 하기 위해서]
- All the bikes then . . . to their handlebars.
cf. have+목적어+pp.→had+ a flyer+attached(광고지를 부착하다)
[모든 자전거의 핸들에는 실제로는 있지도 않는 스포츠용품 가게를 홍보하는(promoting) 광고지를 부착하였다.]
- When the alley . . . the walls were clean.
cf. compared→when it was compared
[그 골목에 낙서가 있을 때는 골목의 담벼락에 낙서가 없이 깨끗할 때의 33%와 비교해서 66%의 자전거 주인들이 광고지를 버렸다]
-Nor, they say, could the effect . . . they would be caught.
[그 영향(타인이 저질러 놓은 것을 보고 따라하는 것)에 대해서 스프레이로 낙서하는 것이 단속(prevented)되지 않았기 때문에(잡히지 않고 무사했기 때문에) 쓰레기 버리는 사람들은 그들이 (낙서를 하여도) 체포되지 않을 것이라고 생각한다고 설명할 수는 없었다.]

53-4-242
The other experiments were carried out in a similar way. In one, a temporary fence was used to close off a short cut to a car park, except for a narrow gap. Two signs were erected, one telling people there was no throughway and the other saying that bicycles must not be left locked to the fence. In the 'order' condition (with four bicycles parked nearby, but not locked to the fence) 27% of people were prepared to trespass by stepping through the gap, whereas in the disorder condition (with the four bikes locked to the fence, in violation of the sign) 82% took the short cut.
Nor were the effects limited to visual observation of petty criminal behaviour. It is against the law to let off fireworks in the Netherlands for several weeks before New Year's Eve. So two weeks before the festival the researchers randomly let off firecrackers near a bicycle shed at a main railway station and watched what happened using their flyer technique. With no fireworks, 48% of people took the flyers with them when they collected their bikes. With fireworks, this fell to 20%.

A. 어휘
carry out 실행하다. similar 비슷한. temporary 임시의, 臨時變通(임시변통)의.
fence 울타리, 담장. close off 차단하다. a short cut 지름길. car park 주차장.
gap 갈라진 틈, 구멍. erect ... 세우다. throughway 통로. lock 자물쇠를 채우다.
“order' condition 질서가 있는 조건. trespass 불법 침입하다.
whereas 반면에. let off 發射(발사)하다, 폭발하다.
firework 爆竹(폭죽), 꽃불, 烽火(봉화). randomly 되는 대로, 닥치는 대로.
shed 차고, 헛간, 격납고. bicycle shed 자전거 보관소.

B. 구문
- Two signs were erected, one telling . . . locked to the fence.
cf. one telling→one which tells→and one tells: 독립분사구문 부대상황.
[두개의 경고문을 세웠다. 하나는 통로가 없다는 것을 사람들에게 알리는 것이고 다른 하나는 자전거를 울타리에 잠가놓아서는 안 된다는 것을 말하는 것이었다.]
- Nor were the effects . . . petty criminal behaviour.
[그 영향(죄짓는 것을 보고 따라하는 것)은 輕犯罪(경범죄) 행위에 대한 시각적인 관찰에만 한정되는 것은 아니었다. (모방범죄의 영향은 못된 짓 하는 사실을 눈으로 보는 것에만 한정되지는 않았다.]