19-21-92
A major social issue of the 1890s about which Tolstoy had significant and strong views was the relationship between sex and love. In 1889 he completed The Kreutzer Sonata, in which he aired his belief that chastity is the ideal toward which all must strive, even in marriage. This work and the whole ascetic attitude it embodied evoked an enormous reaction during the decade in which Resurrection took place. **
In the novel Maslova, who is 'Love', is finally brought into close association with two emblematic figures, Mary Pavlovna and Simonson, both upper-class revolutionaries, sympathetic with the people, who embody Tolstoyan sexual views. Mary Pavlovna, Maslova's best friend, was repelled by sexual love, not like Maslova who had 'experienced all its horrors', but because, never having experienced it, 'she looked on it as something incomprehensible . . .repugnant and offensive to human dignity. Mary, on the other hand, knows another kind of love: 'the interest of her whole life lay in searching for opportunities to serve others just as the sportsman searches for game. And the sport had become the habit, the business of her life, and she did it all so naturally that those who knew her were no longer grateful, but simply expected it of her.' Mary thus embodies the 'task of life' as Tolstoy had come to understand it: 'the task of life is to work out in oneself a conscious love which of itself is transformed into an unconscious love', a task which is in reality the creation of the 'habit' of love.

A. 어휘
significant 중대한. complete 완성하다. air 발표하다. chastity 순결, 貞操(정조).
strive-strove-striven or strive-strived-strived 노력하다, 애쓰다. ascetic 금욕주의의.
embody 구체적으로 나타내다. evoke 환기시키다. enormous 거대한.
association 교제, 관련, 협회. emblematic figures 상징적인 인물들.
upper-class 상류계급. sympathetic 동정적인. repel 퇴짜놓다, 쫓겨나다.
horror 공포, 戰慄(전율). incomprehensible 이해할 수 없는. repugnant 싫은, 불쾌한.
offensive 화나게 하는, 불쾌한. grateful 고맙게 생각하는. work out 성취하다.
conscious 의식하고 있는. transform 변형하다. unconscious 무의식적인.

B. 구문
-This work and the whole . . . an enormous reaction.
[이 작품과 이 작품이 구현하고 있는 금욕적인 태도는 거대한 반응(반작용)을 일으켰다.]

19-22-93
Simonson is in love with Maslova, and they intend to marry. But Simonson believes that 'procreation is a lower function of man', so that, since he has devoted himself to 'the higher function' which is 'to serve already existing lives', the marriage will be platonic. Unlike Mary Pavlovna, however, Simonson's devotion to service is built on a whole theory of life. 'Everything in the universe lives, nothing is dead, and all the objects we consider lifeless, or inorganic' are but parts of an enormous organic body which we cannot compass. The task of man, as part of that huge organism, is to sustain its life and that of all its living parts. This view, which echoes a position held by Tolstoy since the 1870s, leads Simonson to a Tolstoyan condemnation of destruction of life, wars, capital punishment, and even the killing of animals. Like his creator, he is a vegetarian and does not wear animal skins. Like Mary Pavlovna, therefore, Simonson embodies ideals toward which Tolstoy felt called, but himself had difficulty approaching. Maslova's marriage to him, like her friendship with Mary Pavlovna, marks her realization of those ideals which Nekhlyudov, in his renewed interest in marriage and a family at the end, has, like his creator, not yet reached.

A. 어휘
procreation 출산, 生殖(생식). function 기능. so that 그러므로. devote 헌신하다.
platonic 정신적인, 관념적인. all the objects 우주의 모든 사물들. inorganic 무기물의.
organic body 有機體(유기체). compass 이해하다, 둘러싸다. sustain 유지하다.
condemnation 비난, 죄의 선고. capital punishment 死刑(사형).
creator [著者(저자, 톨스토이를 가리킴]. vegetarian 채식주의자.
animal skins 동물가죽으로 만든 옷. realization 實現(실현).

B. 구문
- Simonson embodies . . . difficulty approaching.
[Simonson은 톨스토이가 召命(소명)을 받았다고 느끼지만 자신이 직접 접근하기에는 어려웠던 이상을 具現(구현)하는 인물이다.]
cf. called 목적보어로 쓰인 과거분사.

19-23-94
The novel closes with a rapid series of revelatory encounters which prepare Nekhlyudov for his final insight and his 'new life'. After the culminating realization of the ultimate meaning of the Russian prison experience based on so much exposure to the prisoners and their imprisoners, Nekhlyudov dines with a general and his family, only to discover that he still enjoys the company of cultured people and the joys of family life. His last 'interview with Maslova finally clarifies their relationship: she is marrying Simonson for Nekhlyudov's sake, to release him from his pursuit of redemption. This desire and freedom to create a new life is tempered by the finality of death which Nekhlyudov confronts with the sight of Kriltov's dead body. The most significant of these encounters, however, is the emblematic meeting with a 'dishevelled old man'. Like Levin and his conversation with Platon at the end of Anna Karenina, or Pierre and his meeting up with Bazdeev the mason and Platon Karataev in War and Peace, Nekhlyudov at this culminating moment chances upon a passer-by who bodies forth a truth necessary to him at this juncture in life. With no name, no age, no parents, no place, no country, or no passport, this 'Man', born of 'God the Father and Mother Earth', has no destination, except 'where God may lead me' and does not believe in God as ordinarily understood, but only in himself, understood as the one spirit in him as in all. This emblematic 'Man' reveals to Nekhlyudov his true identity and vocation, thus motivating his return to the Gospels which closes the novel and the new task of life which awaits him after it. Resurrection ends, thus, as do both War and Peace and Anna Karenina, with the hero's firm resolve for his life now understood as a life in God. It is this resolve that Tolstoy too in the end shares with his heroes.

A. 어휘
revelatory 啓示的(계시적)인. encounter (사람들과의)뜻밖의 만남, 遭遇(조우).
insight 통찰. culminate 최고조에 이르다. realization 깨달음, 이해. ultimate 궁극적인.
exposure 노출, 폭로. imprisoner 투옥시키는 사람. dine 식사하다. company 친교.
clarify 명백히 하다. release 해방시키다. pursuit 추구. temper 가라앉히다, 완화하다.
finality 최후, 최후적인 사물. Kriltov “부활”에 나오는 정치범 이름.
dishevelled 텁수룩한. mason 石手(석수). chance upon 우연히 마주치다.
body forth 상징하다, 體現(체현)하다. juncture 중대한 시기, 절박한 고비.
destination 목적지. emblematic 상징적인. reveal 알리다, 계시하다.
vocation 使命(사명), 천직, 직업. the Gospels 福音書(복음서).
firm resolve 확고한 결심.

B. 구문
- does not believe in . . . in him as in all.
cf. God as ordinarily understood→God as being ordinarily understood
[ 일반적으로 이해되는 神을 믿는 것이 아니라 그 자신과 모든 사람 속에 있는 하나의 정신을 믿는다.]
- firm resolve . . . a life in God.
[이제 하나님 안에서의 삶으로 이해되는 삶을 위한 확고한 결의.]