19-17-88
In Resurrection Tolstoy underlines not only the theological theme of love and salvation, but also the social issue of the 'people' which dominated the second half of the nineteenth century in Russia. The institution of serfdom had been abolished in 1861, but the reality of a virtually bipartite society composed of an aristocracy and an intelligentsia on the one hand and a vast uneducated and impoverished peasant population on the other persisted. Guilt-stricken in their isolation from the masses, the aristocracy and intelligentsia both idealized the 'people' as the true bearers of the Russian faith(Dostoevsky) or latter-day Rousseauan noble savages(Tolstoy), and condescended to them in movements to educate or modernize them. From the 1880s on this social and economic imbalance fostered a revolutionary response which, through the years, grew into the movements which resulted in the revolutions of the early twentieth century. Tolstoy himself had, even in the 1860s, set up a school for the peasants at Yasnaya Polyana, his family estate, and later, in the 1870s, when the 'movement to the people' was in full swing, he composed primers for their education. His own guilt-ridden identification with the peasantry is marked by his donning their garb and participating in their mowing. He often portrayed his heroes in moments of encounter with peasants, usually marked by a failure of communication.

A. 어휘
underline 강조하다. theological 神學的(신학적)인. theme 주제. dominate 지배하다.
institution 제도. serfdom 농노의 처지. abolish 폐지하다. virtually 사실상.
bipartite 둘로 나누어진.
society composed of an aristocracy 귀족계급으로 구성된 사회.
intelligentsia (집합적)지식계급. vast 거대한, 광대한. impoverished 가난에 찌든.
persist 存續(존속)하다, 관철하다. guilt-stricken 죄의식에 사로잡혀. mass 일반대중.
idealize 이상화하다. bearer 持參人(지참인), 나르는 사람, 使者(사자).
Russian faith 러시아의 信仰(신앙). latter-day 근대의.
noble savages 고귀한 야만인(문명에 더러워지지 않은 자연상태의 순수인간).
condescend (손아랫사람에 대해)자기를 낮추다, 친절을 베풀다, 자신을 굽혀...하다.
foster 양육하다, 조장하다. estate (광대한)사유지, 대농장, 재산. cf. real estate 부동산.
'movement to people' 민중 속으로. swing 한창 진행중임. compose 저술하다.
primer 초급 독본, 입문서. guilt-ridden 죄로 인해 괴로운.
identification 同一視(동일시). peasantry 소작인 계급. don (옷을)입다. garb 복장.
participate in ...에 참여하다. mowing 풀베기. portray 묘사하다.

B. 구문
-Guilt-stricken→Being guilt-stricken→As they were guilt-stricken
-his donning their garb→he donned their garb.
cf. 명사/동명사의 의미상 주어→주격.
ex. He participated in the rally.
→His participation in the rally→His participating in the rally.

19-18-89
In Resurrection Nekhlyudov is presented in a characteristic state of guilt over his inheritance of land, his ownership of which he considers to be the cause of the peasants' poverty. This 'sin' against the people he early tries on to correct, but fails. The novel uses the story of Maslova in its stead, as the emblem of the hero's sin against the 'people'. Therefore, once Nekhlyudov moves beyond his obsession with his past sexual sin against Maslova and connects with her present pain, he is able to see other, more immediate causes of her suffering and to feel compassion for those who suffer like her but not because of him. The inter-textual reference to the story from the Prolog marks this moment. Immediately after it, Nekhlyudov begins his double journey into the world of officials who oppress Maslova and the world of the prisoners, the 'people' like her who are oppressed by the officials.
Nekhlyudov's journeys enable Tolstoy to create a gallery of portraits of oppressors and oppressed and thereby express his attitude to many of the major social issues of his day. The oppressors are generally represented in a negative light without shading or nuance. The 'old General of repute' in whose hands the fate of the prisoners rests, for example, is characterized by the 'profusion of Orders' he received for his successful military career, during which, among many exploits, 'a number of Russian peasants, with copped hair, dressed in uniforms and armed with guns and bayonets, had killed at his command more than a thousand men who were defending their liberty, their homes, and their families.

A. 어휘
present 표출하다. state 상태. over ...에 대한.
inheritance 遺産(유산). ownership 소유권. poverty 가난. on 계속해서.
correct 訂正(정정)하다. in its stead 그것(죄)의 대신으로. emblem 象徵(상징). therefore 따라서, 그런고로. obsession 强迫觀念(강박관념). immediate 직접적인. compassion 憐憫(연민). reference 언급, 參照(참조).
the world of officials 官吏(관리)들의 세계. oppress 압제하다.
gallery 화랑, 미술품 진열실, 回廊(회랑). portrait 초상화. oppressor 압제자.
shading 명암법, 陰影(음영), [색. 명암의]점차적 변화.
nuance [색. 음. 가락. 의미 등의] 미묘한 차이. repute 명성, 평판. fate 운명.
rest 좌우되다, 의지하게 하다. characterize 특색을 이루다. profusion 풍부, 다량.
order 훈장. military career 군대경력. exploit 偉業(위업), 功勳(공훈), 착취하다.
copped hair 冠毛(관모) 머리칼. armed with guns 총으로 무장된.
bayonet 총검. at his command 그의 명령에 따라.

B. 구문
-Therefore, once . . . because of him.
[따라서 Nekhlyudov가 Maslova에게 범한 과거의 性的(성적)인 죄에 대한 강박관념을 넘어서 그녀의 현재의 고통과 접하자마자 그는 그녀의 다른 보다더 직접적인 고통을 인식할 수 있게 되고 또 그 자신 때문은 아니지만 그녀처럼 고통받는 사람들에 대한 연민의 情을 느낄 수 있게 된다.]
- a gallery of . . . oppressed.
. cf. the + 형용사→ 복수보통명사
ex. the old 노인들.
* 對句(대귀)를 이를 때는 정관사 the 생략. ex. rich and poor 부자와 가난한 사람들. oppressors and oppressed 압제자와 피압박자들. ( the oppressed 의 관사 the 생략).
[압제자와 압제받는 사람들의 초상화 전시실.]