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FREEDOM ±³¾ç¿µ¾î (187): Wealth of Nations (Excerpt)

To the slave cultivation of antient times, gradually succeeded a species of farmers known at present in France by the name of Metayers. They are called in Latin, Coloni Partiarii. They have been so long in disuse in England that at present I know no English name for them. The proprietor furnished them with the seed, cattle, and instruments of husbandry, the whole stock in short, necessary for cultivating the farm. The produce was divided equally between the proprietor and the farmer, after setting aside what was judged necessary for keeping up the stock, which was restored to the proprietor when the farmer either quitted, or was turned out of the farm.  


Land occupied by such tenants is properly cultivated at the expense of the proprietor, as much as that occupied by slaves. There is, however, one very essential difference between them. Such tenants, being freemen, are capable of acquiring property, and having a certain proportion of the produce of the land, they have a plain interest that the whole produce should be as great as possible, in order that their own proportion may be so. A slave, on the contrary, who can acquire nothing but his maintenance, consults his own ease by making the land produce as little as possible over and above that maintenance. It is probable that it was partly upon account of this advantage, and partly upon account of the encroachments which the sovereign, always jealous of the great lords, gradually encouraged their villains to make upon their authority, and which seem at last to have been such as rendered this species of servitude altogether inconvenient, that tenure in villanage gradually wore out through the greater part of Europe. The time and manner, however, is one of the most obscure points in modern history.


ÇöÀç France¿¡¼­ MetayersÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ³ó¹ÎµéÀÌ °í´ëÀÇ ³ë¿¹ ÒÜÌé(³ó°æ)À» Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î °è½ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº LatinåÞ·Î Coloni Partiarii·Î ºÒ·ÁÁø´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»(Metayers)Àº ¿µ±¹¿¡¼­ Çϵµ ¿À·§µ¿¾È »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼­ ³ª´Â ÇöÀç ¿µ¾îÀÇ ÀÌ ´Ü¾î¸¦ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ÁöÁÖ´Â À̵é(Metayers)¿¡°Ô Á¾ÀÚ¿Í ¼Ò¿Í ³ó±â±¸¿Í °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ­ ³ó»ç¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç ³ó»ç¿ë ¹°ÀÚ(stock)¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ³ó»ç¿ë ¹°ÀÚ(stock)¸¦ º¸Á¸Çϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆǴܵǴ °ÍÀ» Á¦ÃÄ ³õ°í, »ý»ê¹°(produce)Àº ÁöÁÖ¿Í ³óºÎ(¼ÒÀÛ³ó)»çÀÌ¿¡ µ¿µîÇÏ°Ô ºÐ¹èµÇ¾ú´Ù. ³ó»ç¿ë ¹°ÀÚ´Â ³óºÎ°¡ »çÀÓÇϰųª ³óÀå¿¡¼­ ÇØ°í µÉ ¶§´Â ÁÖÀο¡°Ô µÇµ¹¾Æ°¬´Ù.


ÀÌ·± ó¨ò¢(Â÷Áö)³óºÎ(tenants)°¡ Â÷ÁöÇÑ ¶¥Àº ³ë¿¹°¡ Â÷ÁöÇÑ ¶¥°ú ¶È °°ÀÌ ÁÖÀÎÀÇ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô °æÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ µé µÑ »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Â÷Áö³óºÎ´Â ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ Àç»êÃëµæÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ°í ÅäÁöÀÇ »ý»ê·®ÀÇ ÀÏÁ¤ ºÎºÐÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×µéÀº Àüü »ý»ê·® Áß¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ÇÒ´çºñÀ²À» ÃÖ´ëÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »ý»ê·®À» °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ Å©°Ô ÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡ ¸í¹éÇÑ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í ¹Ý´ë·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À¯Áöºñ ¿Ü¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ÃëµæÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ³ë¿¹´Â ÅäÁö¿¡¼­ À¯Áöºñ ¿Ü¿¡´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ Àû°Ô »ý»êÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Æí¾ÈÇÔÀ» µµ¸ðÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ÀÌ·± ÀÌÁ¡ ¶§¹®¿¡, ¶Ç ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ´ëÁöÁÖ(ºÀ°Ç¿µÁÖ)µéÀ» Ç×»ó ÁúÅõÇÏ´Â ±¹¿Õ(sovereign)ÀÌ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î Â÷Áö³óºÎ(villain)µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¿µÁÖÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ÈѼÕÇÏ°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­, ±×·¡¼­ ¸¶Ä§³» ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ º¹¼ÓÀÌ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒÆíÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾î¼­ ³ó³ëÀÇ ó¨ò¢(Â÷Áö)´Â À¯·´ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¶óÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ½Ã±â¿Í ¹æ¹ýÀº Çö´ë¿ª»ç¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ºÒºÐ¸íÇÑ Á¡ ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù.

 


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Smith°¡ ´©Â÷ ÁöÀûÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ³ë¿¹ÀÇ ³ëµ¿»ý»ê¼ºÀº Áö±ØÈ÷ ³·´Ù. °³ÀÎÀû Àç»ê±ÇÀÌ ¾ø´Â ³ë¿¹¿¡°Ô âÀÇÀûÀÌ°í ÀÇ¿åÀûÀÎ ³ëµ¿À» ±â´ëÇϱâ´Â ¾î·Æ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³ë¿¹µé¿¡°Ô´Â °ÔÀ¸¸§ÇÇ¿ì´Â °ÍÀÌ ´ç¿¬ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ µÈ´Ù. Smith´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ³²ºÎ°¡ ³ë¿¹´ë½Å ³ó¾÷ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ¸¦ °í¿ëÇÏ¸é »ý»ê¼ºÀÌ ÈξÀ ´õ ³ô¾ÆÁú °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ ÀÌ»óÁÖÀÇÀû °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÎ kibbutz°¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ°í °ø»êÁÖÀDZ¹°¡µéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ »ó½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î ¹°ÀÚÀÇ ºÎÁ·¿¡ Çã´öÀÌ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌµé °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øµéÀº ¸ðµÎ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ Àç»ê±ÇÀÌ ¾ø´Â ³ë¿¹¿Í ´Ù¸¦ ¹Ù ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.


Smith´Â ¿µ±¹Ã³·³ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦, Áï °³ÀÎÀÇ Àç»ê±ÇÀ» ¹ýÀ¸·Î º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹ø¿µÇÏ´Â ³ª¶óÀÇ ¼º¸³Á¶°ÇÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù:


That security which the laws in Great Britain give to every man that he shall enjoy the fruits of his own labour, is alone sufficient to make any country flourish, notwithstanding these and twenty other absurd regulations of commerce; and this security was perfected by the revolution, much about the same time that the bounty was established. The natural effort of every individual to better his own condition, when suffered to exert itself with freedom and security, is so powerful a principle, that it is alone, and without any assistance, not only capable of carrying on the society to wealth and prosperity, but of surmounting a hundred impertinent obstructions with which the folly of human laws too often encumbers its operations.


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