A Live Challenge
Nietzsche judges all other values by this yardstick of life-assertion. "Good" is that which asserts life or assists life-assertion. Even "true" is that which is on the side of life, and not against life. A critic might say to Nietzsche:
"But what is the point of it all? You say there is no life other than this, and no world other than this. What then does it matter what anyone does? The most triumphant and self-fulfilling of lives are still going to end quite soon in death, and then those individuals will exist no more, and all be forgotten in the end. Everything goes down into eternal annihilation. So what does any of it matter?"
To this Nietzsche gives a twofold reply. First, his prescription is for a life which is fulfilling on its own terms, and therefore worth living for its own sake. Such a life does not seek to derive any of its meaning or significance from outside itself, and is not to be understood in terms of anything else.
In this respect it is like a work of art, you might say. This fact has caused both Nietzsche and others to speak of him as having an aesthetic understanding of life¡ª an unfortunate term that can be very misleading, for there is nothing arty about Nietzsche's attitude to life. The second part of his twofold reply is that everything, far from going down into eternal annihilation, is going to come back eternally: the passage of time moves in vast, cosmic epicycles, so that everything that has happened before will eventually come round again¡ªand then again after that at another huge distance of time. By living to the utmost of our being we are living as we would wish to live eternally; and the eternal recurrence of time will bring us as near to eternal life as it is possible to get in a world that is finite and bounded.〈Bryan Magee, The Story of philosophy〉
»ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â µµÀü
Nietzsche´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç °¡Ä¡¸¦ ÀÌ »î-ÁÖÀåÀÇ Àã´ë·Î ÆÇ°áÇÑ´Ù. ¡°à¼¡±Àº »îÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϰųª »î-ÁÖÀåÀ» µµ¿ÍÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ¡°òØ¡±µµ »îÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â Æí¿¡ ¼´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÖÁö »îÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â Æí¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¾î¶² ºñÆò°¡´Â Nietzsche¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù:
¡°±×·¯³ª ±× ¸»ÀÇ ¿äÁ¡ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀԴϱî? ´ç½ÅÀº ÀÌ°÷ ¿Ü¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ °÷¿¡´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ »îµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç À̽ ¿Ü¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¼¼°è´Â ¾ø´Ù°í ¸» ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¾î´À ´©±¸¶óµµ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÏµç ¹«½¼ ¹®Á¦°¡ µË´Ï±î? °¡Àå ¼º°øÀûÀÌ°í(triumphant: ½Â¸®ÇÏ´Â, ¼º°øÀûÀÎ), °¡Àå ÀÚ±â½ÇÇöÀûÀÎ »îÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Á×À½À¸·Î¼ »¡¸® ³¡³»´Â °ÍÀÌ°í ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¸é ±× °³ÀÎÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ°í ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¸Á°¢µÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¸¸¹°Àº ¿µ¿øÇÑ Àý¸ê ¼ÓÀ¸·Î Ã߶ôÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯´Ï ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¹«½¼ ¹®Á¦°¡ µË´Ï±î?¡±
ÀÌ°Í¿¡ ´ëÇؼ Nietzsche´Â 2ÁßÀÇ ÇØ´äÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ù°, ±×ÀÇ Ã³¹æÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼ »îÀ» ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ°í ±×·¡¼ »î ÀÚü¸¦ À§Çؼ »ì¾Æ°¥ ¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â ±×·± »îÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ »îÀº »îÀÇ ¾î¶² Àǹ̳ª Á߿伺À»(significance:Áß¿ä, ÀǹÌ) »î ¿Ü·Î ºÎÅÍ À¯µµÇϱ⸦ Ãß±¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í »î ¿ÜÀÇ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ¸·Îµµ »îÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ·Á°í Çؼµµ ¾È µÈ´Ù.
ÀÌ·± Á¡¿¡¼, ÇϳªÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÛÇ°À̶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± »ç½ÇÀº Nietzsche¿Í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé ¸ðµÎ ±×¸¦ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÌÇÐÀû ÀÌÇظ¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆòÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÈ´Ù¡ª¸Å¿ì ¿ÀÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ºÎÀûÀýÇÑ(unfortunate) ¿ë¾îÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé NietzscheÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ¿¡´Â È°¡ÀΠôÇÏ´Â(arty) °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ 2ÁßÀû ÇØ´äÀÇ µÎ ¹ø° ºÎºÐÀº ¸¸¹°Àº, ¿µ¿øÇÑ Àý¸ê·Î »ç¶óÁö±â´ÂÄ¿³ç, ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ȸ±ÍÇÒ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù: ½Ã°£ÀÇ °æ°ú´Â ±¤´ëÇÑ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ñ²ï®ê(ÁÖÀü¿ø) ¾È¿¡¼ ¿òÁ÷À̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´´ø ¸¸¹°Àº °á±¹ ´Ù½Ã µ¹¾Æ¿Ã °ÍÀÌ°í¡ª±×¸®°í ±× ÈÄ ´Ù½Ã ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ½Ã°£ÀÇ °Å¸®¿¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸® Á¸ÀçÀÇ ±Ø´ë±îÁö »îÀ¸·Î¼ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ »ì±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏ´Â ¸¸Å »ì¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ½Ã°£ÀÇ ¿µ°Ì ȸ±Í´Â ¿ì¸®·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÇÑÁ¤µÇ°í °æ°è°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼¼°è¿¡¼ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í¸¸Å ¿µ¿øÇÑ »î¿¡ ±ÙÁ¢Çϵµ·Ï ÇØÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
*Çؼ³:
°Ç±¹´ëÅë·É ì°ã¯Ø¹(À̽¸¸)Àº ´ç´ë ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÃµÀç¿´´Ù. Á¶¼±¸»±âÀÇ Çö´ë¹®¸íÀÇ È²¹«Áö¿¡¼µµ, ùÓùÊ(ÇÑÇÐ) ¿Ü¿¡´Â Çö´ë½Ä Á¤±Ô±³À°À» ÀüÇô ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸é¼µµ, µ¿½Ã´ëÀεéÀÌ »ó»óÁ¶Â÷ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ¿´´ø ¼¾ç °íÀü¿¡ µ¶ÇÐÀ¸·Î Åë´ÞÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ¼±±³»çµé·ÎºÎÅÍ Àá½Ã ¹è¿î ¿µ¾î¿´Áö¸¸ 20´ë¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ¼¾çÀÇ ¹®ÇÐ, Á¤Ä¡, °æÁ¦, »ç»ó °ü·Ã ¿µ¹® ¼Àû ¼ö¹é ±ÇÀ» µ¶ÆÄÇÏ°í ¿µÇÑ»çÀüÀ» ÆíÂùÇÏ°í ¡°µ¶¸³Á¤½Å¡±À» Àú¼úÇÏ¿´´ø ºñ¹üÇÑ ÃµÀç¿´´Ù. ¡°µ¶¸³Á¤½Å¡±¿¡´Â Adam SmithÀÇ ¡°±¹ºÎ·Ð¡±À̳ª MillÀÇ ¡°ÀÚÀ¯·Ð¡±ÀÇ ³»¿ëµµ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ±×°¡ Çѱ¹ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼´Â ÃÖÃÊ·Î Harvard¿Í Princeton¿¡¼ ¼®»ç¿Í ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§¸¦ ÃëµæÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Íµµ ±×ÀÇ ÃµÀçÀûÀÎ ¿µ¾î´É·ÂÀÇ µÞ¹Þħ ´öÅÃÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 〈°è¼Ó〉