AT THE close of 1945 the British Raj could congratulate itself. Despite growing impatience for independence, the empire had still managed to muster a 2.5m-man Indian army, the largest all-volunteer force in history. Indian troops had served loyally at home to crush an incipient insurrection in 1942. They proved crucial to British victories in Ethiopia, north Africa and the Middle East; in Burma they eventually inflicted the biggest land defeat ever suffered by the Japanese imperial army. India also contributed materiel and money: by the war¡¯s end Britain owed its prized but impoverished colony £1.3 billion, an eighth of British GDP.
Yet the war was also catastrophic, both for the Raj and for India. The relatively small scale of India¡¯s direct war casualties—some 90,000 soldiers killed in six years of fighting on three continents, 6,000 sailors lost and 1,400 civilians killed by Japanese bombs—belied far wider suffering. The Bengal famine of 1943, the prime cause of which may have been inflation fuelled by the printing of rupees to cover wartime deficits, left as many as 3m dead. Ignominious defeats in Malaya, Singapore and Burma undermined British prestige. Of the half a million Indian civilians who joined a chaotic exodus from Burma in 1942, perhaps one in ten also perished.〈The Economist May 5th 2016〉
1945³â ¸»°æ¿¡ ´ë¿µ ÀεµÁ¦±¹(the British Raj)Àº ½º½º·Î¸¦ ÃàÇÏÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. µ¶¸³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¡ÁõÇÏ´Â(growing) Á¶±ÞÁõ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í Á¦±¹Àº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿ª»ç»ó ÃÖ´ëÀÇ, Àü¿ø Áö¿øº´À¸·Î Æí¼ºµÈ, 250¸¸¸íÀÇ ÀεµÀÎ ±º´ë¸¦ ¼ÒÁýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀεµÀÎ ºÎ´ë´Â Àεµ±¹³»¿¡¼ 1942³â ÃʱâÀÇ ¹Ý¶õ±ºÀ» Áø¾Ð(crush)Çϱâ À§ÇØ Ã漺½º·´°Ô ÂüÀü(serve) ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº Ethiopia¿Í ºÏ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í Áßµ¿¿¡¼ ¿µ±¹±ºÀÇ ½Â¸®¿¡ °áÁ¤ÀûÀ̾úÀ½À» Áõ¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù; ¹ö¸¶¿¡¼ °á±¹ Àεµ±ºÀº ÀÏÂïÀÌ ÀϺ»Á¦±¹ ±º´ë°¡ ÀÔÀº ÃÖ´ëÀÇ Áö»óÀü Æй踦 °¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù(inflict). Àεµ´Â ¶Ç ¹°ÀÚ¿Í Àڱݵµ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¶§Âë ¿µ±¹Àº ¼ÒÁßÇÏÁö¸¸ °¡³ÇÑ ½Ä¹ÎÁö(Àεµ)¿¡°Ô ¿µ±¹ ±¹¹ÎÃÑ»ý»êÀÇ 1/8¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ºúÀ» Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±× ÀüÀïÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÀεµÁ¦±¹Àº ¹°·Ð Àεµ¿¡°Ôµµ ÆĸêÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀεµÀÇ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÀûÀº ±Ô¸ðÀÇ »ç»óÀÚ¡ª3°³ ´ë·ú¿¡¼ 6³â°£ÀÇ ÀüÅõ¿¡¼ Àü»çÇÑ 90000¸íÀÇ À°±º, 6000¸íÀÇ Çرº ½ÇÁ¾ÀÚ, ÀϺ»±ºÀÇ Æø°Ý¿¡ Á×Àº 1400¸íÀÇ ¹Î°£ÀΡª´Â ÈξÀ ´õ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ °í³À» ¼û±â°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1943³â¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø BengalÁö¿ªÀÇ ÑÆä»(±â¾Æ)´Â, ±â¾ÆÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¿øÀÎÀº îúãÁ(Àü½Ã) ÀçÁ¤°á¼ÕÀ» Ä«¹öÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Âï¾î³½ rupeeÈ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºÒÀÌ ºÙ¾úÀ» °ÍÀε¥, 3¹é¸¸ ¸í ¸¸Å ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷À» Á×°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Malaya¿Í Singapore¿Í Burma¿¡¼ÀÇ ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î Æйè´Â ¿µ±¹ÀÇ À§½ÅÀ» ¼Õ»ó½ÃÄ×´Ù. 1942³â È¥¶õ½º·± BurmaÅ»Ãâ¿¡ µ¿ÂüÇÏ¿´´ø 50¸¸ÀÇ Àεµ¹Î°£Àεé Áß¿¡¼ ¾Æ¸¶µµ 10¸í Áß 1¸íÀÇ ºñÀ²·Î ½ÇÁ¾µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
* Çؼ³:
¿µ±¹ÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀεµÀεéÀº ¿µ±¹ÀÌ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ÀüÀï¿¡ ¿µ±¹±º¿¡ ÀÚ¿øÀÔ´ëÇÏ¿© ½Î¿ü´Ù. °£µðµµ 1900³â º¸¾ÆÀüÀï¿¡ ÂüÀüÇÏ¿© ÈÆÀå±îÁö ¹Þ¾Ò°í 1Â÷ ¼¼°èÀüÀï ¶§´Â 'ÀÔ´ë È£¼Ò¹®'±îÁö ¸¸µé¾î¼ ¡°±º¿¡ ÀÔ´ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àǹ«¡±¶ó¸ç ÀεµÀεéÀÇ ÂüÀüÀ» µ¶·ÁÇÏ¿´´Ù. 150¸¸ÀÇ ÀεµÀεéÀÌ ¿µ±¹±º¿¡ Áö¿øÇÏ¿´´Ù. °£µð´Â 2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü µ¿¾È¿¡µµ ³ªÄ¡½º¿Í ½Î¿ì´Â ¿µ±¹±º¿¡ 'ºñÆø·ÂÀû, µµ´öÀû Áö¿ø'À» ÇÑ´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±¹¹ÎȸÀÇ ÀϺΠÁöµµÀÚµéÀÌ ÀεµÀÎ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚ¿Í »óÀÇ ¾øÀÌ ¿µ±¹ÀÌ ÀϹæÀûÀ¸·Î ÀεµÀÇ ÂüÀüÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù¸ç ¹Ý¹ßÇÏÀÚ °£µð´Â ¼÷°í ³¡¿¡ ¡°ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ À§ÇØ ½Î¿î´Ù¸é¼ Àεµ¿¡°Ô´Â ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀüÀï¿¡´Â Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.¡±°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±¹¹ÎȸÀÇ ´ç¿øµé°ú ¸¹Àº Á¤Ä¡Áý´ÜÀÌ ³ªÄ¡ µ¶ÀÏ°ú ½Î¿ì´Â ¿µ±¹À» Áö¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀº ºñµµ´öÀûÀ̶ó°í ºñÆÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. 2Â÷ ¼¼°èÀüÀï¿¡¼ ÀεµÀÎ 250¸¸ ¸íÀÌ ¿µ±¹±º¿¡ ÀÚ¿øÀÔ´ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀεµÀεéÀº ¶Ç ¸¹Àº ¹°ÀÚµµ Áö¿øÇÏ¿´´Ù. Àεµ±ºÀº ÝÁ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í Áßµ¿ Àü¼±¿¡¼ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ½Â¸®¿¡ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çß´Ù. Àεµ±ºÀº µ¿³²¾Æ½Ã¾Æ Àü¼±¿¡¼µµ ÀϺ»¿¡°Ô ÞÈß¾(»ç»ó) ÃÖ´ëÀÇ Æй踦 ¾È°ÜÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Àεµº´»çµéÀÇ ¿µ±¹ ±¹¿Õ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã漺½Éµµ ´ë´ÜÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Àεµ´Â ¿µ±¹°ú µ¶¸³ÀüÀïÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°íµµ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ÃàÇϸ¦ ¹ÞÀ¸¸ç µ¶¸³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. µ¶¸³ ÈÄ¿¡µµ ¿µ±¹°ú »çÀÌÁÁ°Ô Áö³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àεµ´Â ¿µ±¹ ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿´´ø ³ª¶óµéÀÇ Ä£¸ñ´ÜüÀÎ çÈ¿¬¹æ(Commonwealth) ⸳¿¡µµ ÁÖµµÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çß´Ù. ¿µ±¹ ·±´ø¿¡´Â °£µðÀÇ µ¿»óµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ÀεµÀεéÀÌ ¿µ±¹Àº ¹°·Ð °ú°Å ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿´´ø ³ª¶ó¿¡¼ °øÁ÷ÀÚ·Î, ±â¾÷ÀÎÀ¸·Î, Àü¹®Á÷µî »çȸÀÇ °¢ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ »ý¾÷¿¡ Á¾»çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇöÀç ¿µ±¹ÀÇ °æÁ¦¸¦ Ã¥ÀÓÁö°í ÀÖ´Â À繫ºÎÀå°üµµ Àεµ°è ¿µ±¹ÀÎÀÌ´Ù. º¸°ÇºÎÀå°üµµ ÀεµÀÎÀÌ´Ù. ±¹È¸¿¡µµ Àεµ°è ÀÇ¿øµéÀÌ ´Ù¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.