It is not by wearing down into uniformity all that is individual in themselves, but by cultivating it and calling it forth, within the limits imposed by the rights and interests of others, that human beings become a noble and beautiful object of contemplation; and as the works partake the character of those who do them, by the same process human life also becomes rich, diversified, and animating, furnishing more abundant aliment to high thoughts and elevating feelings, and strengthening the tie which binds every individual to the race, by making the race infinitely better worth belonging to. In proportion to the development of his individuality, each person becomes more valuable to himself, and is therefore capable of being more valuable to others. There is a great fullness of life about his own existence, and when there is more life in the units there is more in the mass which is composed of them.*
It is essential that different persons should be allowed to lead different lives. In proportion as this latitude has been exercised in any age, has that age been noteworthy to posterity. Even despotism does not produce its worst effects, so long as individuality exists under it; and whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called, and whether it professes to be enforcing the will of God or the injunction of men. 〈J.S. Mill, On Liberty〉
Àΰ£ÀÌ °í±ÍÇÏ°í ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î »ý°¢ÀÇ Á¸Àç°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀº °³ÀÎÀÌ °¡Áø ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¸¶¸ê½ÃÄѼ Àüü¿Í ±ÕÀÏÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â µ¥ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê°í ŸÀÎÀÇ ±Ç¸®¿Í ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÇØÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Â ¹üÀ§ ¾È¿¡¼ °³ÀÎÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Å¸°í³ ƯÁúÀ» ¸¶À½²¯ ¹è¾çÇÏ°í °í¾ç½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. °³ÀÎÀÌ ³ë·ÂÇؼ ÀÌ·èÇÑ ¸ðµç °á°ú¹°¿¡´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀ» ¾î´À Á¤µµ µé¾î ÀÖ°Ô µÇ´Â °Íó·³ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀº dzºÎÇØÁö°í ´Ù¾çȵǸç, È°·ÂÀ» °®°Ô µÇ°í °í¸ÅÇÑ »ç»ó¿¡ dzºÎÇÑ ÀÚ¾çºÐÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ¶Ç Á¤¼¸¦ °í¾ç½ÃÅ°°Ô µÇ¸ç, Á¾Á·(Àΰ£Áý´Ü)À» ¼Ò¼ÓÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ°í ¹«ÇÑÈ÷ ´õ ÁÁ°Ô ¸¸µé¾î ÁÜ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ Á¾Á·¿¡´Ù ¸ðµç °³ÀÎÀ» ¹¾îÁÖ´Â ¿¬´ëÀǽÄ(tie)À» °È½ÃÄÑÁØ´Ù. °³¼ºÀÇ ¹ß´Þ¿¡ ºñ·ÊÇؼ °³ÀÎÀº ´õ¿í´õ ¸¹Àº ÀÚ±à½É°ú ¼ºÃë°¨À» °¡Áö°Ô µÇ°í ÀÌ°ÍÀº ŸÀο¡°Ôµµ ´õ °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °³ÀÎ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¸Àç¿¡ °üÇؼµµ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃæÁ·°¨ÀÌ ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. °³ÀÎ ´ÜÀ§ÀÇ »îÀÌ Ã游ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é °³ÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø »çȸ´ëÁßÀÇ »îµµ ´õ Ã游ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.*
°¢±â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »îÀ» ¿µÀ§Çϵµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇØ¾ß µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ÇʼöÀûÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯(latitude)°¡ Çã¿ëµÇ´Â Á¤µµ¿¡ ºñ·ÊÇؼ °¢ ½Ã´ëÀÇ °¡Ä¡´Â ÈÄ´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ÁÖ¸ñ¹Þ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÁ¦ Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ Ä¡ÇÏ¿¡¼µµ (under it) °³¼ºÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÇÑ ÀüÁ¦Á¤Ä¡µµ ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ »ý»êÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±× ¸íĪÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÌ°Ç °£¿¡ °³¼ºÀ» ¸»»ìÇϴ üÁ¦´Â¡ªãêÀÇ ¶æÀ» ÁýÇàÇϵç Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ÁýÇàÇϵ硪µ¶ÀçÀÌ´Ù.
*Çؼ³:
¿ì¸®´Â Áß±¹¿¡¼ ¹ßÀüÀÌ ¸ØÃß°í ¼ºÀåÀÌ Á¤Ã¼µÇ´Â ¿¹¸¦ º¸°Ô µÈ´Ù. Àηù ¹®¸íÀÇ Ãʱ⿡ Áß±¹Àº °æźÇÒ Á¤µµÀÇ Ç³ºÎÇÑ Àç´É°ú ÁöÇý¸¦ °¡Áø ³ª¶ó¿´´Ù. À¯·´ÀεéÀº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ ¼¼°èÀÇ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç Á·¼ÓµéÀÌ ¿ø½Ã»óÅ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ Áß±¹ÀεéÀº ¹®ÀÚ¸¦ ¹ß¸íÇÏ°í ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¹®È¿Í Á¦µµ¸¦ ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ×°í Áß±¹ÀÇ úçíº(ÇöÀÚ)µéÀº Àηù ¹ßÀüÀÇ ºñ°áÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°í ¼¼°èÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿îµ¿ÀÇ ¼±µÎ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À̵é ÇöÀÚµéÀÌ Ã¢ÃâÇÑ À̳äÀÌ ¼öõ ³â µ¿¾È Áß±¹ÀεéÀÇ »ý°¢°ú ÇൿÀ» º¯ÇÔ¾øÀÌ Áö¹èÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. À̷μ Áß±¹¹®È´Â Á¤Ã¼ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Íîí·Î ´ëÇ¥µÇ´Â À¯±³»ç»ó(Confucianism)Àº ±¹¹ÎÀ» ¶È°°ÀÌ ¸¸µå´Â µ¥ ¼º°øÇÏ¿© µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Á¿ì¸í°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ¼öõ ³â µ¿¾È ±¹¹ÎÀÇ »ç»ó°ú ÇൿÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ¸é¼ ±¹¹ÎÀ» ¸ðµÎ °³¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¶È°°Àº »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇ°¡ ¹ßºÙÀÏ Æ´ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼ âÁ¶Àû Æı«°¡ °ÅÀÇ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ¿© ¹®¸íÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀÌ Á¤Ã¼µÇ¾ú´Ù.
¿À´Ã³¯ Áß±¹Àº Àα¸ 14¾ïÀÇ ¼¼°è ÃÖ´ëÀÇ °ÅÀα¹ÀÌ´Ù. Àα¸ 6500¸¸ÀÇ ¿µ±¹º¸´Ù 20¹è ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î Å« µ¢Ä¡¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥µµ ¿µ±¹¿¡ ºñÇؼ Àηù¹®¸íÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÑ Á¤µµ°¡ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ³Ê¹«³ª ¹Ì¾àÇÏ´Ù. Á¤½ÅÀûÀ¸·Î³ª ¹°ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î³ª âÇÇÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ºó¾àÇÏ´Ù. Á¤Ä¡, °æÁ¦, ¿¹¼ú, °úÇбâ¼ú, »ç»ó µî Àηù¹®ÈÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ ¼¼°è¸¦ ¼±µµÇÏ°í º¯È½ÃÅ°¸ç ÀηùÀÇ º¹Áö¿Í ÌöÙ¥(°è¸í)¿¡ ȹ±âÀûÀ¸·Î °øÇåÀ» ÇÑ Àι°À» âÃâÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ º°Ã³·³ ¸¹Àº Àα¸¸¦ °¡Áö°í¼µµ ³ëº§»óÀº °í»çÇÏ°í ¼¼°èÀεéÀÇ °¡½¿À» ÈÖ¾îÀâ´Â ´ëÁ߳뷡 Çϳªµµ âÃâÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Áß±¹ÀÌ °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ±Øµµ·Î ¼Ó¹ÚÇÏ´Â µ¶ÀçÀû ¹®ÈdzÅ並 ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ¹ß¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼ Çì¸Å°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ÈûÀº ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀǷκÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áß±¹Àº ¼±Áø ¹®¸íÀÇ ÇʼöÀûÀÎ Á¶°ÇÀº °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¹è¿ö¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½£¿¡¼ ÇÑ ¸¶¸®ÀÇ »õ¸¸ ³ë·¡¸¦ ºÎ¸¦ ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ½£Àº Á×Àº µíÀÌ Á¶¿ëÇØ Áú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.