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¹Ý°øÀÚÀ¯-±³¾ç¿µ¾î(19): Resurrection

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ºÎÈ°ÀÇ ½ºÅ丮´Â °£´ÜÇÏ´Ù. ÀþÀ» ¶§ Dmitri Nekhlyudov °øÀÛÀº ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ À̸ðÀÇ Çϳà Maslova¸¦ À¯È¤ÇÏ¿© ÀÓ½ÅÀ» ½ÃÅ°°í´Â ¶°³ª°¡ ¹ö·È´Ù. ÂѰܳ­ Maslova´Â ÀÚÆ÷Àڱ⠻óÅ¿¡¼­ »çȸ ¹Ø¹Ù´ÚÀ» ÀüÀüÇÏ´Ù°¡ â³à·Î±îÁö Àü¶ôÇÑ´Ù. ¼ö³âÀÇ ¼¼¿ùÀÌ È帥 ÈÄ Nekhlyudov´Â ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹è½É¿øÀ¸·Î¼­ »ìÀιüÀ¸·Î ÀçÆÇÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ±×³à¸¦ ¸¸³­´Ù. Nekhlyudov´Â ±×³à¸¦ ±¸ÃâÇÏ°í ¼ÓÁËÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â Maslova¸¦ µû¶ó ºÎÆÐÇÑ ¹ý¿ø°ú °ü°ø¼­·Î, ´õ·¯¿î ±³µµ¼Ò·Î, ¸¶Ä§³» Ȳ·®ÇÑ ½Ãº£¸®¾Æ±îÁö Maslova°¡ ÀÖ´Â °÷Àº ¾îµðµçÁö µû¶ó°¡¸ç ±×³àÀÇ ±¸ÃâÀ» À§ÇØ Çå½ÅÀûÀ¸·Î ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é¼­ ±×´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ »çȸÀÇ ³ÃȤÇÑ Çö½ÇÀ» üÇèÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ñ°ÝÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¹ý¿ø ¼­±âÀÇ ¹«½ÉÇÑ ½Ç¼ö·Î MaslovaÀÇ Çü±â°¡ 15³â ¿¬ÀåµÈ´Ù. ÀçÆÇ°üÀ̳ª °Ë»ç´Â MaslovaÀÇ ¹üÁËÀÇ »ç½Ç È®ÀÎÀ̳ª °ËÁõÀÇ ³ë·Âµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ±â°èÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÁË ¼±°íÇÑ´Ù. Maslova°¡ Ç×ÀǸ¦ Çصµ ¹«½ÉÇÏ°Ô È®Á¤µÈ ÆÇ°áÀº º¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. °øÀÛÀÎ Nekhlyudov°¡ Maslova¸¦ ±¸Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¸¸³ª´Â À屺µµ, ±³µµ¼ÒÀåµµ, °æÂû¼­Àåµµ ¹«½ÉÇϱâ´Â ¸¶Âù°¡Áö¿´´Ù.

Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â À̵éÀÌ ¹®È­¿Í Á¦µµ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ŸÀÎÀÇ °íÅëÀ̳ª ¾ï¿ïÇÔ¿¡ µ¹Ã³·³ ¹«½ÉÇÑ ±«¹°·Î º¯ÇüµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù. Á¤ºÎÀÇ °ü¸®À̵ç, ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚÀ̵ç, ½ÃÀåÀÇ »óÀÎÀ̵ç, °Å¸®ÀÇ °ÅÁöÀÌµç »çȸÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹®È­¿Í Á¦µµ¿Í ÀüÅë¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ Ÿ°í³­ Àΰ£¼ºÀ» »ó½ÇÇÏ°í ±«¹°·Î º¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ´ç´ëÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾î´À ½Ã´ë ¾î´À ³ª¶ó¿¡¼­µµ Á¤µµ´Â ´Ù¸£Áö¸¸ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Çö»óÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ú´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Áõ¿ÀÇÏ°í ÂøÃëÇÏ°í ¿À¸¸ÇÏ°í ÀÜÀÎÇϸ鼭µµ ÁËÀǽÄÀ̳ª µµ´öÀǽÄÀÌ °ÅÀÇ »ç¶óÁø Áü½ÂÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹®È­¿Í ÁÁÀº Á¦µµ¸¦ °¡Áø ¡®¹®¸í±¹¡¯¿¡ »ì¾Æ°¡¸é¼­µµ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±«¹°ÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Nekhlyudov °øÀÛµµ ¿¹¿Ü°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÎÀÌ°í ¿¹¼ú°¡ÀÌ°í ±ºÀÇ Àå±³¿´Áö¸¸ MaslovaÀÇ À°½Å°ú ¿µÈ¥À» Æĸê½ÃÅ°¸é¼­µµ Á¦µµ¿Í ¹®È­°¡ ¸¸µç ±«¹°·Î º¯ÇüµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Àû¾îµµ Maslova¸¦ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ÀçȸÇϱâ Àü±îÁö´Â ±×·¸°Ô »ì¾Æ¿Ô´Ù. ¼Ò¼³ ¡°ºÎÈ°¡±Àº Nekhlyudov °øÀÛÀÌ Maslova¸¦ ±¸ÃâÇϱâ À§ÇØ Çå½ÅÀûÀ¸·Î ³ë·ÂÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÈ°ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °úÁ¤À» ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. NekhlyudovÀÇ ¿µÈ¥Àº ŸÀÎÀÇ °íÅë¿¡ ¹«½ÉÇÑ ±«¹°¿¡¼­ Àΰ£¾ÖÀÇ ûùãó(È­½Å)À¸·Î Àç»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 


19. Leo Tolstoy: Resurrection

 

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Ten years after having completed Anna Karenina and beginning A Confession, a work which inaugurated a period of intense involvement in social, moral and religious issues, Tolstoy set out to write what was to become another ten years later(1899) his last novel, Resurrection. The first impulse to return to novel form came with a story he heard from his lawyer friend Koni in 1887. An orphan girl, brought up by a wealthy lady, was seduced and abandoned by a visiting relative of her benefactor. Upon hearing her pregnancy, the lady drove the girl from her house. The girl who was forced to prostitution, was subsequently charged with stealing money in a brothel and brought to trial. One of the members of the jury turned out to be her seducer who, his conscience now awakened, offered to marry her, but her death from typhoid made this impossible.

This tale moved Tolstoy because it resonated with his own past sexual indiscretions, the liaison with a peasant girl which he explored in 1889 in his story The Devil and his seduction of Gasha, his aunt's maid, who was then driven out of the house and came to grief. Psychologically Resurrection began with the author's guilt, the nobleman's repentance of his sexual violence of an innocent peasant woman. His first plan to write the 'Koni tale' in 1890 focused on that guilt, his subsequent many failed attempts to write the novel continued to pursue that theme, and the final novel thrusts Prince Nekhlyudov into a quest for redemption from his original sin with Katusa Maslova.

 
19. Å罺ÅäÀÌ: ºÎÈ°

Anna Karenina(¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª)¸¦ ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ°í 10³â ÈÄ¿¡ ±×¸®°í »çȸÀû µµ´öÀû Á¾±³Àû À̽´¿¡ Àû±Ø Âü¿©ÀÇ ½Ã±â¸¦ ¿¬ ÀÛÇ°ÀÎ A Confession(Âüȸ·Ï)À» ½ÃÀÛÇϸ鼭 Tolstoy´Â ¶Ç 10³â µÚ¿¡ (1899) ±×ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ¼Ò¼³ÀÌ µÉ ¡°ºÎÈ°¡±ÀÇ ÁýÇÊ¿¡ Âø¼öÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¼Ò¼³Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î ´Ù½Ã µ¹¾Æ°¡·Á´Â ù Ã浿Àº 1887³â ±×ÀÇ º¯È£»ç Ä£±¸ÀÎ Koni·ÎºÎÅÍ µéÀº ¾î¶² À̾߱â¿Í ÇÔ²² ¿Ô´Ù. ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ±ÍºÎÀο¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ¾çÀ°µÈ ÇÑ °í¾Æ ¼Ò³à°¡ ±×³àÀÇ ÀºÀÎ(ºÎÀÎ)À» ¹æ¹®ÇÑ Ä£Ã´¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ À¯È¤µÇ°í ¹ö¸²¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¼Ò³àÀÇ ÀÓ½ÅÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ ºÎÀÎÀº ±×³à¸¦ Áý¿¡¼­ ÂѾƳ»¹ö·È´Ù. °­¾Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸ÅÃáÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÈ ±×³à´Â ±× ÈÄ¿¡ ë´Î©(À¯°û)¿¡¼­ µ·À» ÈÉÄ£ ÁË·Î °í¹ß´çÇÏ¿© ÀçÆÇÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹è½É¿ø ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ ¸íÀÌ ±×³à¸¦ À¯È¤Çß´ø »ç¶÷ÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆǸíµÇ°í ±× ¹è½É¿øÀº ¾ç½ÉÀÇ °¡Ã¥À» ´À²¸(awakened) ±×³à¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÒ °ÍÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿´À¸³ª ÀåƼǪ½º·Î ÀÎÇÑ ±×³àÀÇ Á×À½ÀÌ ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

ÀÌ À̾߱â´Â Tolstoy ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ú°Å ¼ºÀû ¹«ºÐº° ÇàÀ§µé, Áï ±×°¡ 1889³â ±×ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³ ¡°¾Ç¸¶¡±¿¡¼­ Ž»çÇÏ¿´´ø ºó³ó µþ°úÀÇ Þç÷×(»çÅë; ºñ¹Ð ¿¬¾Ö)°ú À̸ðÀÇ ÇϳàÀÎ Gasha¸¦ À¯È¤ÇÑ °Í, ±×·¡¼­ ±×³à°¡ ÁÖÀÎÁý(house)¿¡¼­ ÂѰܳª¼­ °í³­À» ´çÇÏ°Ô µÈ(came to grief) ±×·± ¹«ºÐº°ÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» »ó±â½ÃÄÑÁÖ¾ú±â £Ûresonated; ÍìÙ°(°ø¸í)ÇÏ´Ù£Ý ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ¸¶À½À» ¿òÁ÷¿´´Ù. ½É¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ¡°ºÎÈ°¡±Àº ¼ø°áÇÑ ºó³óÀÇ ¿©ÀÎÀ» ¼ºÀûÀ¸·Î ÆøÇàÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÍÁ·(Tolstoy)ÀÇ óÕüâ(Âüȸ)ÀÎ, ÀúÀÚÀÇ ÁËÀÇ½Ä ¶§¹®¿¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. 1890³â ¡®Koni À̾߱⡯¸¦ ¾²·Á´ø ù °èȹÀº ±× ÁË¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎ¾ú°í ±× ¼Ò¼³À» ¾²·Á´Â ±× ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ½ÇÆÐÇÑ ½Ãµµ´Â ±× ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ °è¼Ó Ãß±¸ÇÏ¿´°í ±×¸®°í ¿Ï¼ºµÈ(final) ¼Ò¼³Àº Nekhlyudov ÍëíÉ(°øÀÛ:Prince)À» Katusa Maslova¿ÍÀÇ ¿øÁ˷κÎÅÍÀÇ ±¸¿øÀÇ Ãß±¸¿¡ ¸ÅÁøÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù.


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Resurrection is more informed by Tolstoy¡®s social, moral, and religious views than any of his other fictional works. Of course, War and Piece has its embedded essays on the theory of history, and Prince Andrew is brought to discover many of Tolstoy's cherished ideas. Likewise, Anna Karenina uses an auto-psychological hero, Levin, to embody much of Tolstoy's own belief system, but Resurrection is dominated by the fixed world-view of Leo Tolstoy, which is expressed in the author's design and shared through the narrative's point of view.

This world-view is shaped by one central concept which first surfaced in Tolstoy's essays on education in the 1860s and then, especially in the Resurrection decade, came to dominate his social and political thought. This concept, nasilie, which can be translated as 'coercion' and 'violence' and ranges from the physical to the spiritual, assumes, in the manner of Tolstoy's adolescent idol Rousseau, a fundamental innocence and goodness of human beings which is distorted by culture and social institutions. Tolstoy's harsh view of educated society as both selfish and hypocritical rests on his belief that the educational system does violence to the innocent by inculcating them with false ideas. Secular society, shaped by these ideas, upholds a perverted notion of human relationships grounded in a glorification of power and dominated by a politics of sexuality which is debasing to women.

¡°ºÎÈ°¡±¿¡´Â ±×ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ¼Ò¼³ ÀÛÇ°º¸´Ùµµ TolstoyÀÇ »çȸÀû µµ´öÀû Á¾±³Àû °üÁ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸°¡ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ µé¾î°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ¡°ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ­¡±´Â ¿ª»çÀ̷п¡ ´ëÇÑ Ò®øÐ(³»Æ÷) ¿¡¼¼À̸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ°í Andrew °øÀÛÀº Tolstoy°¡ ¼ÒÁßÈ÷ ¿©±â´Â ¸¹Àº »ç»óÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¡°¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¡±´Â Tolstoy ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Å¾Óü°èÀÇ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» ûùãó(È­½Å)Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© í»ëòãÛ(ÀÚÀǽÄ)Àû ÁÖÀΰø LevinÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏÁö¸¸ ¡°ºÎÈ°¡±¿¡´Â Leo TolstoyÀÇ È®°íÇÑ(fixed) ¼¼°è°üÀÌ ÁÖµµÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ ¼¼°è°üÀº ÀúÀÚÀÇ Ï°ßÌ(±¸»ó:design)À¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÇ°í ¼Ò¼³ÀÇ À̾߱â (narrative) Àüü¿¡ °ñ°í·ç ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Ù(shared).

ÀÌ ¼¼°è°üÀº 1860³â´ë¿¡ TolstoyÀÇ ±³À°¿¡ °üÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ¿¡¼¼ÀÌ¿¡ óÀ½À¸·Î µå·¯³µ´Ù°¡ ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ƯÈ÷ ¡°ºÎÈ°¡±À» ¾²´Â 10³â µ¿¾È¿¡ ±×ÀÇ »çȸÀû Á¤Ä¡Àû »ç»óÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ°Ô µÈ ÇϳªÀÇ Áß½ÉÀû °³³ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇüŸ¦ °®Ãß°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¡®°­¾Ð¡¯°ú ¡®Æø·Â¡¯À¸·Î ¹ø¿ªµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°í À°Ã¼Àû(°­¾Ð°ú Æø·Â)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ µ¥±îÁö ¹üÀ§¸¦ °¡Áø nasilie¶ó´Â ÀÌ °³³äÀº TolstoyÀÇ Ã»³â½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿ì»óÀ̾ú´ø RousseauÀÇ ¹æ½Ä¿¡ µû¶ó ¹®È­¿Í »çȸÀû Á¦µµ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ¿Ö°îµÇ¾î ¹ö¸° Àΰ£Á¸ÀçÀÇ ±Ùº»Àû ¼ø°á°ú ¼±À» Ê£íû(°¡Àå)ÇÑ´Ù(assume). ±³À°¹ÞÀº »çȸ(Áö½ÄÃþ)¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̱âÀûÀÌ°í À§¼±ÀûÀ̶ó´Â TolstoyÀÇ °¡È¤ÇÑ Æò°¡(view)´Â ±³À°Á¦µµ°¡ ¼ø°áÇÑ »ç¶÷µé(the innocent)¿¡°Ô °ÅÁþ »ç»óÀ» ÁÖÀÔ½ÃÄÑ ±×µéÀ» (±×µéÀÇ ¼ø°áÀ») Æı«½ÃÄ×´Ù( do violence ...to)´Â ±×ÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °ÅÁþ »ç»ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÈ ¼¼¼Ó»çȸ´Â ±Ç·ÂÀÇ Âù¾ç¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ°í ¿©¼ºÀ» ºñÇÏÇÏ´Â ¼ºÀÇ Á¤Ä¡¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ÁÖµµµÇ´Â ºñ¶Ô¾îÁø Àΰ£°ü°è¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
 

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The art of this secular society 'infects' it with these ideals. The government of this society is the institutional embodiment of the fundamental coercion/violence; it is held together by the basic instrument of nasilie, the military, which itself is a system that turns innocent drafted men into monstrous beasts. The non-military institution that most embodies this nasilie is the legal system with its courts and penal institutions. The Church, which should uphold the basic teachings of Christ, in fact mocks them by condoning war and the military, by supporting the legal system, penal incarceration, and capital punishment and by itself befuddling the minds of the people through intoxicating liturgies and pompous ceremonies. Society can be redeemed from this order of nasilie only when all acknowledge their involvement in it and agree to stop hating, torturing, enslaving, fornicating, and killing. It is this world-view that controls Resurrection.*

What makes Resurrection unique is that it combines this anatomy of society with a story of moral awakening and spiritual growth toward freedom from the secular ideals and toward the possibility of a new life. To the hero's journey through the different social layers and institutions of contemporary Russia, Tolstoy adds a sequence of moments of inner assessment and self-recollection which in fact comprises the process of 'resurrection'.

ÀÌ·± ¼¼¼Ó»çȸÀÇ íÂêÓ(ÀÛÀ§)°¡ ÀÌ·± »ç»óµé·Î »çȸ¸¦ ¡®°¨¿°¡¯½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± »çȸÀÇ Á¤ºÎ´Â ±Ùº»Àû °­¾Ð/Æø·ÂÀÇ Á¦µµÀû ûùãó(È­½Å)ÀÌ´Ù; ±×°Í(Á¤ºÎ)Àº nasilieÀÇ ±âº» µµ±¸ÀÎ ±º´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ °ø°íÇÏ°Ô ¹¶ÃÄÁö°í ±º´ë ±× ÀÚü°¡ ¼ø¼öÇÑ Â¡Áýº´»çµéÀ» ¹«µµÇÑ Áü½ÂÀ¸·Î º¯È­½ÃÅ°´Â Á¦µµÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± nasilie¸¦ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ È­½ÅÇÏ´Â Þª±º»çÁ¦µµ´Â ¹ý¿ø°ú Çü¹ú±â°üÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¹ý±â°üÀÌ´Ù. ChristÀÇ ±âº»Àû °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Þµé¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ±³È¸´Â ÀüÀï°ú ±º´ë¸¦ 黙Φ(¹¬°ú)ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­, ¹ý·ü±â°ü°ú Çü¹ú±¸±Ý°ú »çÇüÀ» ÁöÁöÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­, ±³È¸ ±× ÀÚü·Î¼­ µµÃëÀûÀÎ ¿¹¹è½Ä°ú È­·ÁÇÑ ëðãÒ(ÀǽÄ)¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀ» È¥¹ÌÇÏ°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ç½Ç»ó ChristÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§(them)À» Á¶·ÕÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »çȸ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÌ nasilie¿¡ ¿¬·çµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ°í Áõ¿ÀÇÏ°í ±«·ÓÈ÷°í ³ë¿¹¸¦ ¸¸µé°í Þç÷×(»çÅë)ÇÏ°í Á×ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ØÃâ ¶§¸¸ÀÌ ÀÌ·± nasilieÀÇ Áö¹è·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸¿ø¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¡°ºÎÈ°¡±À» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·± ¼¼°è°üÀÌ´Ù.

¡°ºÎÈ°¡±À» µ¶Æ¯ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÌ·± »çȸ Çغθ¦ µµ´öÀû °¢¼º°ú ¼¼¼ÓÀû ÀÌ»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ÇâÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ¸·Î ÇâÇÏ´Â Á¤½ÅÀû ¼ºÀåÀÇ À̾߱â¿Í °áÇÕ½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ç´ë ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ »çȸÀû °èÃþ°ú ±â°üµéÀ» ÅëÇÑ ÁÖÀΰøÀÇ æ¡ÖØ(¿©·Î)¿¡´Ù Tolstoy´Â »ç½Ç»ó ¡®ºÎÈ°¡¯ÀÇ °úÁ¤À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ìéÖ§(ÀÏ·Ã)ÀÇ ³»Àû Æò°¡¿Í ÀÚ±â ȸ»óÀÇ ¼ø°£µéÀ» º¸Å°í ÀÖ´Ù.


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The hero is often shown literally at the moment of awakening from sleep to some new awareness or through a process of remembrance coming to some new insight while on a journey home. With this double focus, both outward and inward, Tolstoy is able to show his hero in a process of examining his relationship to government institutions, the issues of land-ownership, the problems of the peasantry, and attitudes to sexuality and family life. Through these repeated examinations Nekhlyudov discovers his own moral feelings in these realms, which clears the path for his moral 'resurrection'

This peculiar plot of resurrection thus reworks the typical nineteenth-century story of lost illusions that we find in novelists like Balzac and Dickens. In the blending of the structures of anatomy and awakening, Tolstoy's last novel resembles most Dostoevsky's first major fiction, Memoirs From the House of the Dead(1862), which combines an anatomy of prison life with the story of the narrator's awakening from moral blindness and isolation to spiritual insight and love. In Tolstoy's novel we are first introduced to Russian life in prison, which then functions as the major metaphor for all Russian life. Both works tell the story of the hero's discovery of confinement and the quest for freedom, and both include numerous vignettes of people characteristic of the society but incidental to the story.*

ÁÖÀΰøÀº Á¾Á¾ ¹®ÀÚ ±×´ë·Î Àá¿¡¼­ ±ú¾î³ª¼­ ¾î¶² »õ·Î¿î ±ú´ÞÀ½(awareness)¿¡ µµ´ÞÇϰųª ±Í°¡ÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È¿¡ üÞßÌ(ȸ»ó)ÀÇ °úÁ¤À» ÅëÇؼ­ »õ·Î¿î ÀνĿ¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ´Â ¼ø°£¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¦½ÃµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ³»Àû ¶Ç´Â ¿ÜÀû 2Áß ÃÊÁ¡À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Tolstoy´Â ÁÖÀΰøÀÌ Á¤ºÎ ±â°ü°úÀÇ °ü°è, ÅäÁö¼ÒÀ¯±Ç À̽´, ºó³óÀÇ ¹®Á¦, ³²³à±¸º°°ú °¡Á¤»ýÈ°¿¡ °üÇÑ Åµµ¸¦ Á¡°ËÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¹Ýº¹µÇ´Â Á¡°ËÀ» ÅëÇؼ­ Nekhlyudov´Â ÀÌ·± çÐæ´(¿µ¿ª) ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µµ´öÀû °¨Á¤À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ µµ´öÀû ¡®ºÎÈ°¡¯·Î °¡´Â ±×ÀÇ ±æÀ» ¿­¾îÁØ´Ù.

À̸®ÇÏ¿© ÀÌ Æ¯ÀÌÇÑ ºÎÈ°ÀÇ À̾߱â(plot)´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ Balzac°ú Dickens °°Àº ¼Ò¼³°¡µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â 19¼¼±âÀÇ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ȯ»óÀÇ À̾߱⸦ Àç»ýÇÑ´Ù. ÇØºÎ¿Í °¢¼ºÀÇ ±¸Á¶¸¦ È¥ÇÕÇÔ¿¡ À־ TolstoyÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ¼Ò¼³(¡°ºÎÈ°¡±)Àº DostoevskyÀÇ Ã¹ ÁÖ¿ä ¼Ò¼³ÀÎ ¡°ÞÝíº(»çÀÚ)ÀÇ Áý¿¡¼­ ¿Â ȸ»ó·Ï¡±°ú ´à¾Æ Àִµ¥ ÀÌ ¼Ò¼³Àº °¨¿ÁÀÇ ÇØºÎ¿Í µµ´öÀû ¹«ºÐº°°ú °í¸³À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¤½ÅÀû ÅëÂû°ú »ç¶ûÀÇ ±ú´ÞÀ½À¸·Î °¡´Â ³»·¹ÀÌÅÍÀÇ À̾߱⸦ °áÇÕÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. TolstoyÀÇ ¼Ò¼³¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â óÀ½À¸·Î ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ °¨¿Á»ýÈ°·Î ¾È³»µÇ°í ±×´ÙÀ½¿¡ ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¸ðµç ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀεéÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áß¿äÇÑ ëßêç(ÀºÀ¯)·Î¼­ ÀÛ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. µÎ ÀÛÇ° ¸ðµÎ ÁÖÀΰøÀÇ ±¸¼Ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ß°ß°ú ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å½±¸¸¦ ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í »çȸ(·¯½Ã¾Æ)ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À» ³ªÅ¸³»Áö¸¸ ¼Ò¼³¿¡´Â ºÎ¼öÀûÀÎ ¸¹Àº ߺü¥(»ðÈ­: »ç¶÷µé¿¡ °üÇÑ)¸¦ ³»Æ÷ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 
19-5-119
Tolstoy's novel is also unique in that it is surrounded by a peculiar set of frames. It opens with a picture of burgeoning spring set in contrast to our disfigurement of nature and misuse of each other:

〱The sun shone warm, the air was balmy, the grass, where it did not get scraped away, revived and sprang up everywhere: between the paving stones as well as on the narrow strips of lawn on the boulevards. The birches, the poplars, and the wild cherry trees were unfolding their gummy and fragrant leaves, the bursting buds were swelling on the lime trees; crows, sparrows, and pigeons, filled with the joy of spring, were getting their nests ready; the flies were buzzing along the walls warmed by the sunshine. All were glad: the plants, the birds, and the insects, and the children. But men, grown-up men and women, did not leave off cheating and tormenting themselves and each other. It was not this spring morning men thought sacred and worthy of consideration, not the beauty of God's world, given for a joy to all creatures¡ª this beauty which inclines the heart to peace, to harmony, and to love¡ª but only their own devices for enslaving one another.(1.i)¡µ

This image of nature, demonstrating 'the fact that men and animals received the grace and gladness of spring', sets out the narrator's absolute truth ignored or forgotten by all the characters in the tale.

TolstoyÀÇ ¼Ò¼³Àº ƯÀÌÇÑ ±¸Á¶ÀÇ ¼¼Æ®·Î µÑ·¯½Î¿© ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ¶ÇÇÑ µ¶Æ¯ÇÏ´Ù. ¼Ò¼³Àº Àΰ£µéÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ ÈѼհú Àΰ£ »óÈ£°£ÀÇ Çд뿡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í »õ½ÏÀÌ µ¸¾Æ³ª´Â º½ÀÇ Àå¸é°ú ÇÔ²² ½ÃÀÛ µÈ´Ù:

〱žçÀº µû¶æÇÏ°Ô ºû³ª°í °ø±â´Â Çâ±â·Î¿ü°í Ç®Àº ¹þ°ÜÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº °÷¿¡¼­´Â Àç»ýÇÏ¿© ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª ¼Ú¾Æ³µ´Ù: ´ë·Î À§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Á¼Àº Àܵð±æ À§¿¡´Â ¹°·Ð øèà´(Æ÷¼®)»çÀÌ¿¡µµ. ÀÚÀÛ³ª¹«¿Í ¹é¾ç³ª¹«¿Í ¾ß»ý ü¸®³ª¹«µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Åº·Â ÀÖ°í Çâ±â·Î¿î ÀÙÀ» ÆîÄ¡°í ÀÖ¾ú°í ÅÍÁ® ³ª¿À°í ÀÖ´Â »õ½ÏµéÀº ¶óÀÓ³ª¹« À§¿¡¼­ ºÎ¾î¿À¸£°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±î¸¶±Í¿Í Âü»õ¿Í ºñµÑ±âµéÀº º½±â¿îÀÌ °¡µæÂ÷¼­ µÕÁö¸¦ ÁغñÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Æĸ®µéÀº ÇÞºµÀ¸·Î µû½ºÇØÁø º®À» µû¶ó À®À®°Å¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸¸¹°ÀÌ ±â»µÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù: ½Ä¹°µµ »õµµ ¹ú·¹µéµµ ¾ÆÀ̵鵵. ±×·¯³ª Àΰ£µéÀº, ¼ºÀÎ ³²ÀÚ¿Í ¿©ÀÚµéÀº, ¼ÓÀÌ°í ÀڽŰú ¼­·Î¼­·Î¸¦ ±«·ÓÈ÷´Â °ÍÀ» ±×¸¸µÎÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ º½³¯ ¾Æħ¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀº ½Å¼ºÇÏ°í °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â »ý°¢(consideration)À» »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í ¸ðµç âÁ¶¹°¿¡°Ô ±â»ÝÀ» À§ÇØ ÁÖ¾îÁø Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¼¼°èÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¡ª¸¶À½À» ÆòÈ­¿Í Á¶È­¿Í »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ±â¿ï°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¡ªÀ» »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í ¼­·Î¼­·Î¸¦ ³ë¿¹·Î ¸¸µå´Â ¹æÃ¥¸¸À» »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.¡µ

ÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ À̹ÌÁö´Â ¡®»ç¶÷°ú µ¿¹°µéÀÌ º½ÀÇ ÀºÃÑ°ú ±â»ÝÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¡¯À» ¼³¸íÇϸ鼭 À̾߱⿡ ³ª¿À´Â ¸ðµç Àι°µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹«½ÃµÇ°Å³ª ÀØÇôÁø ³»·¹ÀÌÅÍÀÇ Àý´ëÀûÀÎ Áø¸®¸¦ ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


19-6-120
The novel thus opens with a picture of resurrection in nature, seen only by the narrator and it is to this resurrection¡ª the experience of the biblical joy and gladness, which Tolstoy equated with the experience of the will of God, and the inner sense of peace, harmony, and love which marks the 'beauty of God's world'¡ª that the characters are called. Throughout the novel nature is invested with moral meaning, positive as here or in Nekhlyudov's epiphanic moments of moral resolve, or negative, as in the seduction scene or the prisoner's march through Moscow. Nekhlyudov's story is told as the gradual awakening to the meaning of the intial image of nature and thus as a discovery of the narrator's absolute truth.

This opening revelatory frame is itself surrounded by another, represented by the quotations from the Gospels in the epigraphs and in the final chapter of the work. These quotations comprise another level of absolute truth. The epigraphs stress three major truths: the necessary admission of guilt by all, the need for continual forgiveness by all for all, and the possibility of self-control and self-perfection for all. It is these truths that Nekhlyudov learns through his experience and finally is able to articulate through his reading from the Gospels in the last chapter. This closing frame clearly marks Nekhlyudov's discovery of the narrator's absolute truth, and parallels the narratological strategy of Nekhlyudov's gradual adoption of the narrator's language.

ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¼Ò¼³Àº ³»·¹ÀÌÅÍ¿¡°Ô¸¸ º¸ÀÌ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ ¼Ó ºÎÈ°ÀÇ ±×¸²À¸·Î ½ÃÀÛµÇ°í µîÀåÀι°µéÀÌ ÃÊû¹Þ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌ ºÎÈ°¡ªá¡ßö(¼º¼­)Àû ȯÈñ¿Í ±â»ÝÀÇ °æÇèÀ̸ç ÀÌ°ÍÀ» Tolstoy´Â ãêÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æÇè, ±×¸®°í ¡®ãêÀÇ ¼¼°èÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¡¯À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÆòÈ­¿Í Á¶È­¿Í »ç¶ûÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÇ¹Ì¿Í µ¿µîÇÏ°Ô »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù¡ª¿¡·ÎÀÌ´Ù. ¼Ò¼³ Àüü¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ ÀÚ¿¬¿¡°Ô, ¿©±â ȤÀº NekhlyudovÀÇ µµ´öÀû °áÀÇÀÇ ¼ø°£(Á÷°üÀû ÅëÂûÀÇ ¼ø°£)¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀ̰ųª, ȤÀº À¯È¤ÀÇ Àå¸éÀ̳ª Á˼öµéÀÇ Moscow Åë°ú ÇàÁø¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ, µµ´öÀû Àǹ̰¡ ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù. NekhlyudovÀÇ À̾߱â´Â ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¹ À̹ÌÁöÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¡ÁøÀû °¢¼º°ú ±×·¡¼­ ³»·¹ÀÌÅÍÀÇ Àý´ëÀû Áø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ß°ßÀ¸·Î¼­ ¸»ÇØÁø´Ù.

ÀÌ ¼­µÎÀÇ ÌöãÆîÜ(°è½ÃÀû) ÇÁ·¹ÀÓÀº ±× ÀÚü°¡ Ã¥¸Ó¸®ÀÇ ð¹Þö(Á¦»ç: epigraph)¿Í ¼Ò¼³ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· íñ(Àå)¿¡ ÀÖ´Â º¹À½¼­ Àο뱸¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ Ç¥½ÃµÇ´Â ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ µÑ·¯½Î¿© ÀÖ´Ù. À̵é Àο뱸µéÀº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¼öÁØÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ±× ð¹Þö´Â ¼¼ °³ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ Áø¸®¸¦ °­Á¶ÇÑ´Ù. Áï ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á˸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °Í, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿ë¼­ÀÇ Çʿ伺, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÚÁ¦·Â°ú ÀÚ±â¿Ï¼ºÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ´Ù. Nekhlyudov°¡ ±×ÀÇ °æÇèÀ» ÅëÇؼ­ ¹è¿ì°í ¼Ò¼³ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· Àå¿¡¼­ º¹À½¼­ µ¶Æĸ¦ ÅëÇؼ­ ±×°¡ ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô Ç¥Çö(articulate)ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ Áø¸®µéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸· ÇÁ·¹ÀÓÀº ³»·¹ÀÌÅÍÀÇ Àý´ëÀû Áø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ NekhlyudovÀÇ ¹ß°ßÀ» ¸í½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ³»·¹ÀÌÅÍÀÇ ¾ð¾î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ NekhlyudovÀÇ Á¡ÁøÀû äÅÃÀü·«°ú ÆòÇàÀ» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù.


19-7-121
The revelatory frames, the world of nature and the Gospels, reveal the way to the realization of human potential so hidden from the denizens of the prison of Russia. The reader of this novel, therefore, knows from the beginning what Nekhlyudov learns only by the end.

Resurrection also deviates from the conventions of the Western novel in its treatment of the plot of desire. War and Peace and Anna Karenina had, of course, both reworked the basic story of romance which underlies so much Western fiction; in Tolstoy's version of the plot of desire, the story, whether of Prince Andrew's and Pierre's relationship with Natasha or Levin's with Kitty was used to tell a tale of metaphysical and religious quest in which the heroine is invested with the desired moral and spiritual qualities which the hero seeks. Resurrection reworks the tradition differently. It reduces the plot of desire to a past idyllic event, the summer romance of Prince Nekhlyudov and Katusha which later culminates in their symbolic wedding at the Easter service, marked by the shared kiss of peace. This union is then coercively consummated, and these two facts, the idyllic union and its forced consummation, although long forgotten, underlie the subsequent lives of the hero and heroine. The plot of desire is then replayed in the novel as a story of the resurrection of the original romance, first of the forced consummation and its dreadful consequence for the heroine, and only later of the idyllic union of love both once shared and now, in the end, rediscovered in a new form. This story of recovery of an original romance provides Tolstoy with a vehicle to tell a theological tale wherein the quest for the redemption of an orignal sin results in the uncovering and release of an original love, a genuine resurrection.

ÀÚ¿¬¼¼°è¿Í º¹À½¼­¶ó´Â °è½ÃÀû ÇÁ·¹ÀÓÀº ·¯½Ã¾Æ °¨¿ÁÀÇ °ø¹Îµé(Á˼öµé)¿¡°Ô´Â ¼û°ÜÁ® ÀÖ´ø ÀáÀç´É·ÂÀ» ½ÇÇöÇÏ´Â ±æÀ» ¹àÇôÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ ¼Ò¼³ÀÇ µ¶ÀÚ´Â Nekhlyudov°¡ ³¡¿¡ °¡¼­¾ß ¹è¿ì°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù.

¡°ºÎÈ°¡±Àº ¶ÇÇÑ ¿å¸ÁÀÇ À̾߱â(plot)¸¦ ó¸®ÇÔ¿¡ À־ à¤Ï±(¼­±¸)ÀÇ ÀüÅëÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹þ¾î³ª ÀÖ´Ù. ¡°ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ­¡±¿Í ¡°¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¡±´Â ¹°·Ð µÑ ´Ù ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº ¼­±¸ÇȼÇ(¼Ò¼³)ÀÇ ±âÀú¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â ·Î¸Ç½º(romance)¿¡ °üÇÑ ±âº» À̾߱⸦ Àç»ýÇß¾ú´Ù; ¿å¸ÁÀÇ À̾߱â TolstoyÆÇ¿¡¼­´Â Natasha¿Í Andrew °øÀÛ ¹× PierreÀÇ À̾߱âÀ̵ç Levin°ú KittyÀÇ À̾߱âÀÌµç ±× À̾߱â(story)´Â ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû ±×¸®°í Á¾±³Àû Ž±¸¿©ÇàÀÇ À̾߱⸦ Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±× Ž±¸¿©Çà¿¡¼­ ¿©ÁÖÀΰøÀº ÁÖÀΰøÀÌ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â µµ´öÀû Á¤½ÅÀû ÀÚÁú(ÁÖÀΰøÀÌ ¹Ù¶ó´Â)À» ºÎ¿©¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡°ºÎÈ°¡±Àº ±× ÀüÅëÀ» ´Ù¸£°Ô Àç»ýÇÑ´Ù. ¡°ºÎÈ°¡±Àº ¿å¸ÁÀÇ À̾߱⸦ Nekhlyudov °øÀÛ°ú KatushaÀÇ ¿©¸§³¯ÀÇ ¿¬¾ÖÀÎ, °ú°Å¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¸ñ°¡Àû »ç°ÇÀ¸·Î Ãà¼ÒÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±× ¿¬¾Ö´Â ºÎÈ°Àý ¿¹¹è¿¡¼­ »ó¡Àû °áÈ¥À¸·Î Á¤Á¡¿¡ ´ÞÇϸç ÀÌ°ÍÀº È­ÆòÀÇ °øµ¿Å°½º·Î Ç¥½ÃµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ °áÇÕÀº ±×·¯°í ³ª¼­ °­¾ÐÀûÀÎ µ¿Ä§ÀÇ °á¸»À» °¡Á®¿À°í, ¸ñ°¡Àû °áÇÕ°ú °­¾ÐÀû µ¿Ä§°á¸»À̶ó´Â µÎ »ç½ÇÀº ºñ·Ï ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¸Á°¢µÇ°í ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ ³²³à ÁÖÀΰøÀÇ ±×´ÙÀ½ »îÀÇ ±âÀú¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÈÄ ¿å¸ÁÀÇ À̾߱â´Â ¼Ò¼³ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÃÖÃÊ ·Î¸Ç½ºÀÇ ºÎÈ°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ºÅ丮·Î À翬µÇ´Â µ¥, ù ¹ø° ½ºÅ丮´Â °­¿äµÈ µ¿Ä§°ú ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿©ÁÖÀΰø¿¡°Ô °¡Á®¿Â ¹«¼­¿î °á°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÍÀÌ°í ÈÄ¿¡ ¿¾³¯¿¡ °øÀ¯ÇÏ¿´°í Áö±Ý Á¾¸»¿¡ ¿Í¼­ »õ·Î¿î ÇüÅ·ΠÀç¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ¸ñ°¡Àû »ç¶ûÀÇ °áÇÕ¿¡ °üÇÑ °Í(½ºÅ丮)ÀÌ´Ù. ÃÖÃÊ »ç¶ûÀÇ È¸º¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ½ºÅ丮´Â Tolstoy¿¡°Ô ¿øÁËÀÇ Ï­áÛ(±¸¼Ó redemption:Á˸¦ ¿ë¼­¹Þ´Â °Í)À» À§ÇÑ Å½±¸¿©ÇàÀÌ ÃÖÃÊ ·Î¸Ç½ºÀÇ Æø·Î¿Í ±¸Ãâ Áï ¼ø¼öÇÑ ºÎÈ°ÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿À´Â ½ÅÇÐÀû À̾߱⸦ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àü´Þ ¸Åü¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.
 

19-8-122
The story of Prince Nekhlyudov opens with his awakening to the recollection of his call to jury duty. At court he learns that the case involves a prostitute being tried for murder. She takes the stand and says her name is 'Love', but Nekhlyudv knows that this 'Love' is in reality his long-forgotten, beloved Katusha, whom, in a panic he now recalls he had violated, paid off, and abandoned. Resurrection thus opens, in a fashion characteristic of Tolstoy's emblematic realism, with Prince Nekhlyudov, a failed artist, being called to judge a 'Love' he has brought to ruin. But the panic recollection is told in an extended flashback from the vintage-point of the narrator's absolute truth, which marks the distance between the memory and Nekhlyudov's willingness to acknowledge the significance and consequence of the past.

〱He felt himself in the position of a puppy, when its master, taking it by the scruff of the neck, rubs its nose in the mess it has made. The puppy wines, draws back, and wants to get away as far as possible from the effects of its misdeed, but the pitiless master does not let go. And so Nekhlyudov, feeling all the repulsiveness of what he had done, felt also the powerful hand of the Master, but he did not yet understand the whole significance of his action and would not recognize the Master's hand. (¥°.¥ª¥ª¥¢)¡µ

Nekhlyudv °øÀÛÀÇ À̾߱â´Â ¹è½É¿ø ÀÓ¹«¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¯±â·Î¼­ ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ. ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ÀçÆÇ»ç°ÇÀº »ìÀÎÁË·Î ÀçÆÇÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ ¸ÅÃáºÎ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×³à´Â ÇÇ°í¼®¿¡ ¼­¼­ ±×³àÀÇ À̸§Àº ¡®Love¡¯¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏÁö¸¸ Nekhlyudv´Â ÀÌ ¡®Love¡¯´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¿À·§µ¿¾È ÀØ°í ÀÖ´ø »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â Katusha¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í Áö±Ý ÍðüË(°øȲ)»óÅ¿¡ ºüÁ® ±×°¡ ±×³à¸¦ ´É¿åÇÏ°í µ·À» ÁÖ°í ¹ö·È¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ȸ»óÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¡°ºÎÈ°¡±Àº ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çؼ­ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ È­°¡ÀÎ Nekhlyudov °øÀÛÀÌ ±×°¡ Æĸê½ÃŲ ¡®Love¡¯¸¦ ÀçÆÇÇϵµ·Ï È£Ãâ¹ÞÀ¸¸é¼­ TolstoyÀÇ »ó¡Àû »ç½ÇÁÖÀÇÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ÀÌ µÇ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Àü°³µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °øȲÀû ȸ»óÀº ³»·¹ÀÌÅÍÀÇ Àý´ëÀû Áø¸®ÀÇ ½ÃÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Ç÷¡½Ã¹éÀ¸·Î ¸»ÇØÁö°í ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±â¾ï°ú °ú°ÅÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í °á°ú¸¦ ÀÚÀÎÇÏ·Á´Â NekhlyudovÀÇ ÀÚ¹ßÀû Àǵµ »çÀÌÀÇ °Å¸®¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù.

〱±×´Â °­¾ÆÁöÀÇ ÁÖÀÎÀÌ °­¾ÆÁöÀÇ ¸ñ´ú¹Ì¸¦ Àâ°í ±×³ðÀÇ ÄÚ¸¦ ±×³ðÀÌ ±Ý¹æ ½Ñ ¶Ë¿¡ ºñº­´î ¶§ÀÇ °­¾ÆÁöÀÇ Ã³Áö¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ´À²¼´Ù. °­¾ÆÁö´Â ³©³©´ë°í µÚ·Î »©°í ³ª»Û ÁþÀÇ °á°ú¹°(¶Ë)·ÎºÎÅÍ °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ¸Ö¸® µµ¸Á°¡±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏÁö¸¸ ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ ÁÖÀÎÀº Çã¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ Nekhlyudov´Â ±×°¡ °ú°Å¿¡ ÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç Çø¿À°¨À» ´À³¢¸é¼­µµ ±×ÀÇ ÇൿÀÇ ÀüüÀûÀÎ Àǹ̸¦ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ÁÖÀÎÀÇ ¼ÕÀ» °áÄÚ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù.¡µ


19-9-123
The Master's hand is ultimately recognized only at the very end when, in reading the Gospels, Nekhlyudov discovers that 'the Master's will is expressed' in the Sermon on the Mount. The intervening story represents the struggle within Nekhlyudov between his 'animal self' and his 'spiritual self', between that aspect of his being represented by his physical, bodily needs, his socially acquired structure of desires, and his self-centered way of seeing the world and that aspect of his being which is morally grounded and rationally ordered, selflessly open to others and their plight, and receptive to the call of the Divine. Throughout the novel the narrator speaks of these two modes of being, and often moments are marked, as here, by animal similes which tell of psychological or moral state of the character. Each stage in the unfolding drama of resurrection is understood as a tearing away of the 'crust of animality' from the ever-present, if forgotten,'divine self'.

The first major moment of resurrection occurs when Nekhlyudov finally acknowledges the past event. Maslova has been unfairly judged by the jury and mistakenly sentenced by the court, and Nekhlyudov, to avoid dealing with his own present responsibility for this new injustice, goes off to dinner at the Korchagin's, the home of his fiancee Missy. But now Nekhlyudov sees anew Missy's father, who is 'chewing carefully with his false teeth and lifting his bloodshot eyes':

ÁÖÀÎÀÇ ¼ÕÀº Nekhlyudov°¡ º¹À½¼­¸¦ ÀÐÀ¸¸é¼­ ߣ߾á÷ýº(»ê»ó¼öÈÆ)¿¡¼­ ¡®ÁÖÀÎÀÇ ¶æ¡¯ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¶§ÀÎ (¼Ò¼³ÀÇ) ¸Ç ³¡ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­¾ß ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ÀνĵȴÙ. ±× »çÀÌ¿¡ ³¢ÀÎ ½ºÅ丮´Â NekhlyudovÀÇ ³»¸é¿¡¼­ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Â ±×ÀÇ ¡®µ¿¹°Àû Àھơ¯¿Í ¡®Á¤½ÅÀû Àھơ¯ »çÀÌ¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â °¥µî°ú, ±×ÀÇ À°Ã¼Àû ½ÅüÀû ¿å±¸, ±×ÀÇ »çȸÀûÀ¸·Î ÃëµæµÈ ¿å¸ÁÀÇ ±¸Á¶, ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ±âÁß½ÉÀûÀ¸·Î ¼¼»óÀ» ¹Ù¶óº¸´Â ŵµ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ´ëÇ¥µÇ´Â ±×ÀÇ Á¸Àç (his being)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °üÁ¡(aspect)°ú µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ±Ù°Å¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ°í, À̼ºÀûÀ¸·Î Áú¼­°¡ ÀâÇôÀÖÀ¸¸ç ãêÀÇ á¯Ù¤(¼Ò¸í)¿¡ ÀÀÇÏ´Â ÀÚ±â Á¸Àç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °üÁ¡ »çÀÌ¿¡ ³õ¿©ÀÖ´Â °¥µîÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼Ò¼³ Àüü¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ ³»·¹ÀÌÅÍ´Â ÀÌ µÎ ÇüÅ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Á¾Á¾ ¿©±â¿¡¼­Ã³·³ Àι°ÀÇ ½É¸®Àû ¶Ç´Â µµ´öÀû »óŸ¦ ¸»ÇØÁÖ´Â µ¿¹°Àû òÁêç(Á÷À¯)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·± ¼ø°£µéÀÌ Ç¥½ÃµÈ´Ù. ºÎÈ°À» øúÙ¥(Ç¥¸í)ÇÏ´Â µå¶ó¸¶ÀÇ °¢°¢ÀÇ ´Ü°è´Â ºñ·Ï ÀØÇôÁ³Áö¸¸ Ç×»ó Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¡®ãêÀûÀÎ Àھơ¯·ÎºÎÅÍ ¡®µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ ²®Áú¡¯À» ¶¼¾î³»´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇصȴÙ.

Nekhlyudov°¡ ¸¶Ä§³» °ú°ÅÀÇ »ç°ÇÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ù Áß¿äÇÑ ºÎÈ°ÀÇ ¼ø°£ÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. Maslova´Â ¹è½É¿øµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºÎ´çÇÏ°Ô ÆÇ°áÀ» ¹Þ°í ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À߸øµÇ°Ô ¼±°í¸¦ ¹ÞÀ¸¸ç, Nekhlyudov´Â ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î Üôëù(ºÒÀÇ)ÀÇ Ã³¸®¿¡ À־ ÇöÀçÀÇ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ ¾àÈ¥³à Missy(¾Æ°¡¾¾)ÀÇ ÁýÀÎ KorchaginÀÇ ÀúÅÃÀ¸·Î ¸¸Âù¿¡ Âü¼®Çϱâ À§ÇØ °£´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÁ¦ Nekhlyudov´Â ¡®ëùöÍ(ÀÇÄ¡)·Î À½½ÄÀ» Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ¾Ã°í ÃæÇ÷µÈ ´«À» µé°í Àִ¡¯ MissyÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¸¦ »õ·Î¿î ½Ã°¢À¸·Î ¹Ù¶óº»´Ù.

 
19-10-124
〱Though Nekhlyudov knew Korchagin very well, and had often seen him at dinner, today this red face with the sensual, smacking lips, the fat neck above the napkin stuck into his waistcoat, and the whole overfed military figure, struck him very disagreeably. Nekhlyudov involuntarily remembered what he knew of the cruelty of this man, who, when in command, used to have men flogged, and even hanged, without rhyme or reason, simply because he was rich and had no need to curry favor.(¥°.¥ª¥ª¥¥¥¡)¡µ

Korchagin's 'animal self', represented in a typical Tolstoyan close-up, now reveals his social role, as a man of wealth and station who uses his power over others to the point of cruelty. In a manner characteristic of the novel, the physical details are used not so much to depict Korchagin as to suggest the moral qualities (flabbiness, self-indulgence) of a cruel, rich man.

Nekhlyudov's insight into the immorality of Korchagin's social position is followed by other insights into the moral failings of his fiancee and his own mother, recently dead. Everything seems 'shameful and horrid, horrid and shameful'. Then suddenly he recalls Maslova and, recollecting the days of yore, 'a breath of that freshness, youth and fullness of life seemed to touch him'. The remembrance of things past restores his memory of self: 'then he was free and fearless, and innumerable possibilities lay ready to open before him; now he felt himself caught in the meshes of a stupid, empty, valueless, frivolous life.'

〱Nekhlyudov´Â KorchaginÀ» ¸Å¿ì Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ±×¸®°í °¡²û¾¿ ±×¸¦ ¸¸Âù¿¡¼­ º»ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, À°°¨ÀûÀÌ°í ÀÔ¸ÀÀ» ´Ù½Ã´Â ÀÔ¼úÀ» °¡Áø ºÓÀº ¾ó±¼°ú ¾çº¹Á¶³¢¿¡ ¹ÚÇôÀÖ´Â ³ÀŲÀ§ÀÇ »ìÂð ¸ñ°ú ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î ¿µ¾ç °úÀ×ÀÇ ±ºÀÎ ¸ð½ÀÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ¸Å¿ì ºÒÄèÇÑ ´À³¦À» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Nekhlyudov´Â Àڱ⵵ ¸ð¸£°Ô(involuntarily) ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÜÀμº¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×°¡ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀ» ±â¾ïÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×´Â »ç·É°üÀ̾úÀ» ¶§ ±×°¡ ´ÜÁö ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°í ºñÀ§¸¦ ¸ÂÃâ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ÀÌÀ¯µµ ¾øÀÌ( without rhyme or reason) º´»çµéÀ» ¸ÅÁúÇÏ°í ½ÉÁö¾î ±³¼öÇü¿¡ óÇÏ°ï ÇÏ¿´¾ú´Ù.¡µ

ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ TolstoyÀû Ŭ·ÎÁî¾÷À¸·Î ¹¦»çµÈ KorchaginÀÇ ¡®µ¿¹°Àû Àھơ¯´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÜÀÎÇÑ Á¤µµ±îÁö ±Ç·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇϴ ݣ(ºÎ)¿Í ÁöÀ§¸¦ °¡Áø »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼­ ±×ÀÇ »çȸÀû ¿ªÇÒÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼Ò¼³(¡®ºÎÈ°¡¯)¿¡ Ư¡ÀÌ µÇ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ½ÅüÀûÀÎ ¼¼ºÎ»çÇ×ÀÌ ÇÑ ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°í ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ³²ÀÚÀÇ µµ´öÀû ÀÚÁú(¶×¶×ÇÑ ±º»ì, ¹æÁ¾)À» ¾Ï½ÃÇÒ ¸¸Å­ KorchaginÀ» ¹¦»çÇϱâ À§ÇØ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

KorchaginÀÇ »çȸÀû ÁöÀ§ÀÇ ºÎµµ´ö¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ NekhlyudovÀÇ ÅëÂûÀº ±×ÀÇ ¾àÈ¥³à¿Í ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ º°¼¼ÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÇ µµ´öÀû °áÁ¡(failings)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅëÂû·Î À̾îÁø´Ù. ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¡®Ã¢ÇÇÇÏ°í ¡±Û¸Â°í(horrid), ¡±Û¸Â°í âÇÇÇÏ´Ù¡¯. ±×¶§ ±×´Â °©ÀÚ±â Maslova¸¦ ȸ»óÇÏ°í ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ³¯µéÀ» Çϳª¾¿ ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¶§¿¡ ¡®±× ½Å¼±ÇÔ°ú »îÀÇ ÀþÀ½°ú Ã游ÇÔÀÇ ¼û°áÀÌ ±×¸¦ ¾î·ç¸¸Áö´Â °Í(touch) °°¾Ò´Ù¡¯. Áö³­ ÀϵéÀ» Ãß¾ïÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±× Àڽſ¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãß¾ïÀ» ݥͯ(º¹°í)½ÃŲ´Ù: ¡®±×¶§ ±×´Â ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ü°í µÎ·Á¿òÀÌ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹«¼öÇÑ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¾Õ¿¡ ÁغñµÈ ä ³õ¿©ÀÖ¾ú´Ù; Áö±ÝÀº ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¾î¸®¼®°í °øÇãÇÏ°í ¹«°¡Ä¡ÇÏ°í °æ¹ÚÇÑ »îÀÇ ±×¹°¿¡ °É·Á ÀÖ´Ù°í ´À²¼´Ù¡¯.
 

19-11-125
He wants simultaneously to extricate himself from his present mess and 'atone for his sin against Katusha'. Realizing that he is a 'scoundrel' he begins a 'cleansing of his soul' which consists in clearing out 'all the rubbish that had accumulated in his soul and caused the cessation of true life'. This leads to a resolution: ¡®I will see her, and ask her to forgive me. ¡¦and marry her if necessary¡¯. He lifts his eyes and prays the prayer Tolstoy often repeated in his own diaries: 'Lord, help me, teach me, come, enter within me, and purify me of all this abomination.' The narrator interprets for us: 'the God within him had awakened in his consciousness.' With tears in his eyes Nekhlyudov goes to the window and looks out on the garden; in the expanse of nature he finds the 'meaning' of what 'was going on in his soul', and pronounces it 'delightful. This first scene of moral resurrection is paradigmatic of all Nekhlyudov's major moments of awakening. An encounter, perhaps by chance, with a figure he either has not known or not recently seen, awakens him from a former blindness, and this allows him to see some truth about them which then reveals a truth about himself; armed with these truths he resolves to reorder his life, often finding confirmation of this moment in an expanse of nature which represents the absolute truth embodied in the revelatory opening frame.

±×´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÇöÀçÀÇ È¥µ·À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Å»ÃâÇÏ¿© ¡®Katusha¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Á˸¦ áÛñª(¼ÓÁË)Çϱ⸦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¡¯. ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¡®¾Ç´ç¡¯À̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´ÝÀÚ ±×´Â ¡®±×ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À» û¼ÒÇϱ⡯ ½ÃÀÛÇϸç ÀÌ Ã»¼Ò´Â ¡®±×µ¿¾È ±×ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ ¼Ó¿¡ ÃàÀûµÇ¾î Áø½ÇÇÑ »îÀ» ÁߴܽÃÅ°´Â ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾ú´ø¡¯ ¸ðµç ¾²·¹±â¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °á½ÉÀ¸·Î À̲ø¾î³½´Ù: ¡®³ª´Â ±×³à¸¦ ¸¸³ª¼­ ³ª¸¦ ¿ë¼­ÇØ ´Þ¶ó°í °£Ã»ÇÏ°Ú´Ù. ¡¦±×¸®°í ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é ±×³à¿Í °áÈ¥ ÇÏ°Ú´Ù¡¯. ±×´Â ´«À» µé°í Tolstoy°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àϱ⿡¼­ Á¾Á¾ ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ¿´´ø ±âµµ¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®ÁÖ´Ô, Àú¸¦ µµ¿ÍÁÖ½Ã°í °¡¸£ÃÄ ÁÖ½Ã°í ¿À½Ê½Ã¿À, Àú ¾È¿¡ µé¾î¿À½Ê½Ã¿À, ±×·¡¼­ Àú·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸ðµç °¡Áõ½º·¯¿î °ÍÀ» ¶¼¾î ³»¾î Àú¸¦ ïäûù(Á¤È­)½ÃÄÑÁֽʽÿÀ¡¯. ³»·¹ÀÌÅÍ´Â ¿ì¸®¸¦ À§Çؼ­ Çؼ®À» ÇØÁØ´Ù: ¡®±×ÀÇ ³»¸é¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ãêàõ(½Å¼º)ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ±ú¾î³µ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡¯. ´«¿¡ ´«¹°ÀÌ °íÀΠä·Î Nekhlyudov´Â â°¡·Î °¡¼­ ¹ÛÀÇ Á¤¿øÀ» ¹Ù¶óº»´Ù: ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ³Ð°Ô ÆÛÁø °ø°£(expanse)¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ¡®±×ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÀϾ°í Àִ¡¯ °ÍÀÇ ¡®Àǹ̡¯¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÏ°í ±×°ÍÀ» ¡¯±â»Ú´Ù¡®¶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù. µµ´öÀû ºÎÈ°ÀÇ ÀÌ Ã¹ Àå¸éÀº NekhlyudovÀÇ ¸ðµç ÁÖ¿äÇÑ °¢¼ºÀÇ ¼ø°£À» ÀüÇüÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°¡ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇϰųª ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¸¸³ªÁö ¸øÇÑ ÇÑ Àι°°úÀÇ ¸¸³²Àº, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¿ì¿¬ÇÑ ¸¸³²Àº, ±×¸¦ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¸Í¸ñ(¹«Áö)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Àϱú¿ö ÁÖ°Ô µÇ°í ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ±×·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µé(±×¿Í ±× Àι°)¿¡ °üÇÑ ¾î¶² Áø½ÇÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØ ÁÖ°í ±×·¯¸é ±× Áø½ÇÀº ±× ÀÚ½Å(Nekhlyudov)¿¡ °üÇÑ Áø½ÇÀ» °è½ÃÇØÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Áø½Ç·Î ¹«ÀåÀ» Çؼ­ ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ »îÀ» ´Ù½Ã Á¤¸®Çϱâ·Î °á½ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í ÀÌ·± ¼ø°£ÀÇ È®ÀÎÀ» Á¾Á¾ ¼Ò¼³ ù¸Ó¸®(opening)ÀÇ ÌöãÆîÜ(°è½ÃÀû) ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ¿¡¼­ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´ø Àý´ëÁø¸®¸¦ »ó¡ÇÏ´Â(represent) ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ³Ð°Ô ÆÛÁø °ø°£¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.


19-12-126
The climatic moment of resurrection follows this same pattern. Nekhlyudov is preparing to follow Maslova to Siberia. His sister and brother-in-law stop in to see him, and all of Nekhlyudov's animosity toward his brother-in-law flares up again, culminating in a verbal battle and barbed insults to his sister's husband (¥±.xxxi-xxxiii). Nekhlyudov's moral regeneration is measured by the fact that he awakens the next morning aware of his mistreatment of his brother-in-law and with a resolve to make amends. But right now he must follow his path of salvation by accompanying Maslova on the 'procession' out of Moscow. The July heat is stifling and the suffering of the prisoners is overwhelming. Several die on the way, and the recollection of the 'beautiful face' of one so murdered reveals the truth:

〱No one is guilty, and yet the men have been murdered by these people who are not guilty of their death. All this comes from the fact that all these people¡ªgovernors, inspectors, police officers and policemen¡ªconsider that there are circumstances when human relations are not necessary between human beings. . . If once we admit¡ªbe it only for an hour or in some exceptional case¡ªthat anything can be more important than a feeling of love for our fellows £Ûchelovekoliubie£Ý, then there is no crime which we may not commit with easy minds, free from feelings of guilt.(¥±. lx)¡µ*

¡°ºÎÈ°¡±ÀÇ ÃÖ°í ¼ø°£Àº ÀÌ¿Í ¶È°°Àº ÆÐÅÏÀ» µû¸¥´Ù. Nekhlyudov´Â ½Ãº£¸®¾Æ±îÁö Maslova¸¦ µû¶ó°¥ Áغñ¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ´©³ª¿Í ¸ÅÇüÀÌ ±×¸¦ º¸±â À§ÇØ µé¸®°í ±×·¯ÀÚ ¸ÅÇü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Áõ¿À½ÉÀÌ ´Ù½Ã Ÿ¿À¸£°í °á±¹ ¾ðÀï°ú ¸ÅÇü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡½Ã µ¸Ä£ ¸ð¿å¿¡±îÁö À̸£°Ô µÈ´Ù. NekhlyudovÀÇ µµ´öÀû Àç»ýÀº ´ÙÀ½ ³¯ ¾Æħ ±×°¡ ¸ÅÇü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çд븦 ÀǽÄÇÏ°í °íÃÄ¾ß°Ú´Ù°í °á½ÉÇÏ´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ÆÇ´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(measured). ±×·¯³ª Áö±Ý ´çÀå ±×´Â Moscow ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ³ª°¡´Â ¡®Çà·Ä(À¯Çü¼öµéÀÇ)¡¯ ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Maslova¸¦ µ¿¹ÝÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ±¸¿øÀÇ ±æÀ» µû¶ó°¡¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 7¿ùÀÇ ¿­±â´Â ¼ûÀ» ¸·È÷°Ô ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú°í Á˼öµéÀÇ °íÅëÀº ºÒ°¡Ç×·ÂÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. µµÁß¿¡ ¸î ¸íÀÇ Á˼öµéÀÌ Á×°í ±×·¸°Ô »ìÇØµÈ ÇÑ Á˼ö(one)ÀÇ ¡®¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¾ó±¼¡¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¸»óÀÌ Áø½ÇÀ» °è½ÃÇÑ´Ù:

〱¾Æ¹«µµ ÁË°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·±µ¥µµ ±× ³²ÀÚµé(Á˼öµé)Àº ±×µéÀÇ Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ÁË°¡ ¾ø´Â ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé(È£¼Ûº´ µî °ü°è´ç±¹ÀÚ)¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ »ìÇصǾú´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº¡ª±³µµ¼ÒÀå(governors), °ËÂû°üµé, °æÂû°üµé¡ªÀΰ£µé °£¿¡ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ °ü°è°¡ ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Â »óȲÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÏ´Ü ¡ªÇÑ ½Ã°£ µ¿¾ÈÀÌµç ¾î¶² Ưº°ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡µç¡ª¾î¶² °ÍÀÌ¶óµµ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °°Àº Àΰ£µé(our fellows)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ °¨Á¤º¸´Ùµµ ´õ Áß¿äÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é ±×¶§´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ÁËÀǽĵµ ¾øÀÌ Æí¾ÈÇÑ ¸¶À½À¸·Î ¹üÇÏÁö ¸øÇÒ ¹üÁË´Â ¾ø´Ù.¡µ
 

19-13-127
In this revelatory moment Nekhlyudov sees that these people are 'as impermeable to the feelings of humanity, as this paved earth is impermeable to the rain', because they are officials of the state, which, like Tolstoy, he has recognized as the major instrument of violence. Such people fail to understand the 'fundamental law of human life' is 'mutual love', and as a result, Nekhlyudov now understands, they end up harming others and ultimately themselves. This insight then allows Nekhlyudov to reassess his own behaviour: 'only let yourself deal with a man without love, as I did yesterday with my brother-in-law, and there are no limits to the suffering you will bring on yourself, as all my life proves.'

The issue is not simply some past sin against 'Love', but his failure to love right now. The quest to redeem his past sin will no more lead to salvation than Kiesewetter's belief in Christ's blood shed once in the past and for all could be an adequate doctrine of redemption (¥±. xvii). Nekhlyudov thus recovers at this climactic moment Tolstoy's theology of salvation, clarified while he was writing this novel, a doctrine grounded not in the past events, but in the present moment: 'The time is right now, this minute, the person is the one with whom you are dealing right now, and the task is to save your soul, i.e. to do the task of love'(liii. 199; 1898).

ÀÌ °è½ÃÀû ¼ø°£¿¡ Nekhlyudov´Â ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº(they) ±×°¡ Tolstoyó·³ Æø·ÂÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ µµ±¸¶ó°í ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÈ ±¹°¡ÀÇ °ü¸®µéÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¡®ÀÌ°÷ Æ÷ÀåµÈ ¶¥¿¡ ºø¹°ÀÌ ½º¸çµé ¼ö ¾øµíÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ °¨Á¤ÀÌ ½º¸çµé ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¡¯´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µé(°ü¸®µé)Àº ¡®ÀλýÀÇ ±âº» ¹ýÄ¢¡¯Àº ¡®»óÈ£ »ç¶û¡¯À̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç ±× °á°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé°ú ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÇØÄ¡´Â °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Nekhlyudov´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯ÀÚ ÀÌ·± ÅëÂûÀº Nekhlyudov·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÀçÆò°¡µµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®¾îÁ¦ ³»°¡ ¸ÅÇü¿¡°Ô ÇÑ °Íó·³ »ç¶ûÀÌ ¾øÀÌ »ç¶÷À» Ãë±ÞÇϵµ·Ï ³Ê Àڽſ¡°Ô Çã¿ëÇضó. ±×·¯¸é ³» Àü »ý¾Ö°¡ Áõ¸íÇϵíÀÌ ³ÊÈñ°¡ ³Ê Àڽſ¡°Ô ÃÊ·¡ÇÒ °íÅë¿¡´Â ÇÑ°è°¡ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡¯

ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ 'Love'¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ú°ÅÀÇ ¾î¶² Á˸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í Áö±Ý »ç¶÷À» »ç¶ûÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù (his failure to love). ±×ÀÇ °ú°ÅÀÇ Á˸¦ ±¸¼Ó¹Þ±â À§ÇÑ Å½±¸¿©ÇàÀÌ ±¸¿ø¿¡ À̸£Áö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡ °ú°Å¿¡ Àηù ¸ðµÎ¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ÇÑ ¹ø Èê·È´ø ChristÀÇ ÇÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ KiesewetterÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ ±¸¿ø¿¡ À̸£Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çؼ­ Nekhlyudov´Â ÀÌ Á¤Á¡ÀÇ ¼ø°£¿¡ TolstoyÀÇ ±¸¿øÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀ», ±×°¡ ÀÌ ¼Ò¼³À» ¾µ µ¿¾È¿¡ ¸í·áÈ­µÈ, °ú°ÅÀÇ ÀÏ¿¡¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í ÇöÀçÀÇ ¼ø°£¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ, Îç×â(±³¸®)¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù: ¡®½Ã°£Àº ¹Ù·Î Áö±ÝÀÌ´Ù, ÀÌ ¼ø°£ ±× »ç¶÷Àº ´ç½ÅÀÌ Áö±Ý »ó´ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× ÀÓ¹«´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À» ±¸ÇÏ´Â °Í, Áï »ç¶ûÀÇ ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡¯.

 
19-14-128
Once Nekhlyudov learns this Tolstoyan truth, he is free to leave his past and move on. Part Two ends, and the journey to Siberia and a 'new life' begins.

As in War and Peace and Anna Karenina, so in Resurrection the hero's psychological development moves through a series of revelatory moments followed by periods of correction and clarification. What serves to correct and clarify Nekhlyudov's moments of resurrection are his encounter with the realities of life, often his meetings with Maslova. The resolve and subsequent experience of 'peace' and 'joy' recorded in his diary (¥°.xxxvi) after the first moment of resurrection, for example, are quickly dispelled in the first 'interview' with Maslova when, learning that she does not share his guilt over the past, he pronounces her a 'dead woman'. Indeed for Maslova the significant event is not the scene of the coerced consummation, but a night some months later when Nekhlyudov passed through without stopping by and she, now pregnant, rushes to find him at the railway station, only to see his car pull away from her forever.

〱He whom she had loved and who had loved her¡ªyes, she knew that¡ªhad thrown her away after having enjoyed her; had abused her love. Yet he was the best of all the people. ¡¦From that day the change which brought her where she now was began to operate in her soul. Beginning from that dreadful night she ceased to believe in God and in goodness.(¥°.xxxvii)¡µ

Nekhlyudov°¡ ÀÏ´Ü TolstoyÀÇ ÀÌ Áø¸®¸¦ Å͵æÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ ±×´Â °ú°Å·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿öÁ®¼­ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. 2ºÎ´Â ³¡³ª°í Siberia·ÎÀÇ æ¡ÖØ(¿©·Î)¿Í ¡®»õ·Î¿î »î¡¯ÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ.

¡°ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ­¡±¿Í ¡°¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¡±¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ¡°ºÎÈ°¡±¿¡¼­µµ ÁÖÀΰøÀÇ ½É¸®Àû ¹ßÀüÀº ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ °è½ÃÀû ¼ø°£À» Åë°úÇϸ鼭 ±× µÚ¸¦ ±³Á¤°ú Ù¥Öüûù(¸í·áÈ­)ÀÇ ½Ã±â°¡ ý­áÙ(ÈļÓ)µÈ´Ù. NekhlyudovÀÇ ºÎÈ°ÀÇ ¼ø°£À» ±³Á¤ÇÏ°í ¸í·áÈ­ÇÏ´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ´Â(serve) °ÍÀº »îÀÇ Çö½Ç°ú ¸¶ÁÖÄ¡´Â °Í, Á¾Á¾ Maslova¿Í ´ë¸éÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼­, ºÎÈ°ÀÇ Ã¹ ¼ø°£ ÈÄ¿¡ ±×ÀÇ Àϱ⿡ ±â·ÏµÈ °á½É°ú ±×´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¡®ÆòÈ­¡¯¿Í ¡®±â»Ý¡¯ÀÇ °æÇèÀº Maslova¿ÍÀÇ Ã¹ ¡®È¸°ß¡¯¿¡¼­ »ç¶óÁö´Âµ¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±×°¡ Maslova´Â °ú°Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Á˸¦ °øÀ¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í¼­ Maslova´Â ¡®Á×Àº ¿©ÀΡ¯À̶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÒ ¶§ÀÌ´Ù. Áø½Ç·Î Maslova·Î¼­´Â Áß¿äÇÑ »ç°ÇÀº °­¾ÐÀû µ¿Ä§ÀÇ Àå¸éÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¼ö°³¿ù ÈÄ ¾î´À ³¯ ¹ã¿¡ Nekhlyudov°¡ ±×³à¿¡°Ô ¸¸³ªÁö ¾Ê°í Áö³ª°¡ ¹ö·È°í ´ç½Ã ÀӽŠÁßÀÌ´ø ±×³à´Â Á¤°ÅÀåÀ¸·Î ±×¸¦ ¸¸³ª·¯ ´Þ·Á°¡Áö¸¸ ±×°¡ ź ¿­Â÷´Â ±×³à·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ¶°³ª°¡ ¹ö¸°´Ù.

〱±×³à°¡ »ç¶ûÇß¾ú°í ±×³à¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ¿´´ø ±×´Â ¡ª±×·¸½À´Ï´Ù, ±×³à´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù¡ª±×³à¸¦ Áñ±ä ÈÄ¿¡ ±×³à¸¦ ¹ö·È¾ú´Ù. ±×³àÀÇ »ç¶ûÀ» ¾Ç¿ëÇÏ¿´¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. ¡¦±×³¯ºÎÅÍ ±×³à¸¦ Áö±ÝÀÇ À§Ä¡±îÁö µ¥¸®°í ¿Â º¯È­°¡ ±×³àÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÀÛ¿ëÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× ¹«¼­¿î ³¯·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇؼ­ ãê°ú ¼±À» ¹Ï´Â °ÍÀ» Áß´ÜÇÏ¿´´Ù.¡µ
 

19-15-129
The pain of this abandonment is so great that Maslova cannot even allow herself to remember that dreadful night which brought her to her present psychological state:

〱Everybody lived for himself alone, for his pleasure, and all the talk about God and righteousness was deception. And if sometimes doubts arouse in her mind, and she wondered why everything was so badly arranged in the world that all hurt each other and made everyone suffer, she thought it best not to dwell on it; and if she felt melancholy she could smoke or drink, or, best of all, have a love affair with some man, and it would pass.¡µ

Maslova thus lives in a characteristic Tolstoyan state of forgetting. She suppresses the memory of her best self and the ideal relationship of love she knows from her past, and with them the voice of conscience. To accomplish this she uses narcotics and sex to dull her 'reasonable consciousness', in the manner Tolstoy described in his essay written just before his work on this novel, 'Why Do Men Stupefy Themselves?' (1890). Maslova needs her cynical world-view grounded in a loss of faith and marked by her estranged experience of the divine liturgy, in order to justify to herself her present reality and to hide from herself her past pain. The present persona of 'Love' masks the tormented reality of the abandoned Katusha, and Nekhlyudov's resolve to marry 'Love' will not redeem his sin against this abandoned Katusha.*

ÀÌ ¹ö¸²¹ÞÀ½ÀÇ °íÅëÀº ³Ê¹«³ª Ä¿¼­ Maslova´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ±×³àÀÇ ÇöÀçÀÇ ½É¸®»óŸ¦ °¡Á®¿Â ±× ¹«¼­¿î ¹ãÀ» ±â¾ïÇϵµ·Ï Àڽſ¡°Ô Çã¿ëÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù:

〱¸ðµç »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§Çؼ­¸¸, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Äè¶ôÀ» À§Çؼ­ »ì¾Ò°í ãê°ú à¼(¼±)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç À̾߱â´Â »ç±â¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¶§¶§·Î ±×³àÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ÀDZ¸½ÉÀÌ ÀϾ°í ¿Ö ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ÀÏÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ³ª»Ú°Ô ¹è¿­µÇ¾î À־ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¼­·Î¼­·Î¿¡°Ô »óó¸¦ ÁÖ°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» °íÅë¹Þ°Ô ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é ±×³à´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ÃÖ¼±À̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù; ¿ì¿ïÇÔÀÌ ´À²¸Áö¸é ±×³à´Â ´ã¹è¸¦ Çǰųª ¼úÀ» ¸¶½Ç ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í ȤÀº °¡Àå ÁÁÀº °ÍÀº ¾î¶² ³²ÀÚ¿Í ¿¬¾Ö¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú°í ±×·¯¸é ¿ì¿ïÇÔÀÌ Áö³ª°¡°ï ÇÏ¿´¾ú´Ù. ¡µ

Maslova´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô TolstoyÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ÀûÀÎ ¸Á°¢ÀÇ »óÅ¿¡¼­ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×³à´Â ±×³à ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡Àå ¼±ÇÑ ºÎºÐ(best self)°ú ±×³àÀÇ °ú°Å·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×³à°¡ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãß¾ïÀ» ¾ï´©¸£°í ±×°Íµé(°¡Àå ¼±ÇÑ ÀÚ¾Æ¿Í »ç¶ûÀÇ Ãß¾ï)°ú ÇÔ²² ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¼Ò¸®µµ ¾ï´©¸¥´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ¼ºÃëÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×³à´Â ±×³àÀÇ ¡®ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ Àǽġ¯À» µÐÈ­½ÃÅ°±â À§Çؼ­ Tolstoy°¡ ÀÌ ¼Ò¼³(¡°ºÎÈ°¡±)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷À» Çϱ⠹ٷΠÁ÷Àü¿¡ ¾´ ¡®Àΰ£µéÀº ¿Ö ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¸¶ºñ½ÃÅ°´Â°¡?¡¯¶ó´Â ¿¡¼¼ÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¹¦»çÇÑ ¹æ¹ý´ë·Î, ¸¶¾à°ú ¼½½º¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. Maslova´Â ±×³à Àڽſ¡°Ô ÇöÀçÀÇ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Çü¸¦ Á¤´çÈ­½ÃÅ°°í ÀÚ½ÅÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °ú°ÅÀÇ °íÅëÀ» ¼û±â±â À§ÇÏ¿©, ½Å¾ÓÀÇ »ó½Ç¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ°í, ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿¹¹èÀǽÄÀÇ °æÇè(¿¹¹èÂü¼®)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Ö¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î (estranged) Ç¥½ÃµÇ´Â, ³Ã¼ÒÀûÀÎ ¼¼°è°üÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¡®Love¡¯ÀÇ ÇöÀçÀÇ Àι°Àº ¹ö¸²¹ÞÀº KatushaÀÇ °íÅ뽺·±(tormented) ½ÇÀ縦 °¡¸®°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×·¡¼­ ¡®Love¡¯¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÏ·Á´Â NekhlyudovÀÇ °á½ÉÀº ¹ö¸²¹ÞÀº Katusha¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Á˸¦ Ï­áÛ(±¸¼Ó)ÇÏÁö´Â ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 
19-16-130
Each time Nekhlyudov visits Maslova in prison he misreads her actions and words because of his self-centered failure to grasp her psychology. And Maslova, enraged by the memories of the abandonment his presence recalls, defensively sees through the surface of his intentions to marry her. In their second 'interview' at a moment critical for the whole novel she shouts out an interpretation of his plan to redeem his sin: 'I am a convict and you are a prince, and you've no business here. ¡¦You want to save yourself through me. ¡¦You've got pleasure out of me in this life, and want to save yourself through me in the life to come. You are disgusting to me¡ªyour spectacles and the whole of your dirty fat mug. Go, go!' Although Nekhlyudov never fully frees himself from his narcissistic quest for atonement, from this moment on a major shift does occur, as he begins to see Maslova less from the point of view of his sin than of her pain.

The significance of this moment is marked by its intertextual relationship with the Prolog, an important work of medieval Russian literature consisting of saints' lives and teachings arranged according to the church calendar. In a letter written in 1892 Tolstoy recalled from the Prolog a story of a monk who takes in a wounded beggar and cares for him. The beggar only gets more and more annoyed until one day he bursts out in anger: 'I cannot stand your face, leave me. I hate you because I see that what you do you are not doing for me, that you do not love me, but you want to save yourself through me. Take me back to the street, it was easier for me there than here accepting your services'.

Nekhlyudov°¡ °¨¿Á¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Maslova¸¦ ¹æ¹®ÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù ±×´Â ±×³àÀÇ ½É¸®ÆľÇ(ÀÚ±â Áß½ÉÀû »ý°¢¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Â)¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×³àÀÇ Çൿ°ú ¸»À» ¿ÀÆÇÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í NekhlyudovÀÇ ÃâÇöÀÌ »ó±â½ÃÅ°´Â ¹ö¸²¹ÞÀ½ÀÇ ±â¾ï¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ °Ý³ëÇØÁø Maslova´Â ±×³à¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÏ·Á´Â ±×ÀÇ ÀǵµÀÇ Ç¥¸éÀ» ¹æ¾îÀûÀ¸·Î ²ç¶Õ¾î º»´Ù. ¼Ò¼³ Àüü¿¡¼­ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¼ø°£ÀÎ µÎ ¹ø° ¸¸³²¿¡¼­ Á˸¦ ±¸¼ÓÇÏ·Á´Â ±×ÀÇ °èȹ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×³àÀÇ Çؼ®À» Å« ¼Ò¸®·Î ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®³ª´Â Á˼öÀÌ°í ´ç½ÅÀº °øÀÛÀÌ¿¡¿ä. ±×·¡¼­ ´ç½ÅÀº ¿©±â¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¹«·± ÇÒ ÀÏÀÌ ¾ø¾î¿ä. ¡¦´ç½ÅÀº ³ª¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ±¸¿øÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇØ¿ä. ¡¦´ç½ÅÀº À̽¿¡¼­(in this life) ³ª·ÎºÎÅÍ Äè¶ôÀ» ¾ò¾ú¾î¿ä. ±×¸®°í´Â ³ª¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ ´Ù°¡¿Ã ³»¼¼¿¡¼­ ±¸¿ø¹Þ±â¸¦ ¿øÇØ¿ä. ´ç½ÅÀº ³ª¸¦ ¿ª°ã°Ô ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾î¿ä.¡ª´ç½ÅÀÇ ¾È°æ°ú ´ç½ÅÀÇ ´õ·¯¿î »ìÂð ¾ó±¼ Àüü°¡ (¿ª°Ü¿ö¿ä). °¡¼¼¿ä, °¡!¡¯ ºñ·Ï Nekhlyudov´Â ±¸¿øÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀÚ±âÁß½ÉÀûÀΠŽ±¸¿©ÇàÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °áÄÚ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ï ¼ö´Â ¾øÁö¸¸ ±×°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁËÀÇ ½Ã°¢¿¡¼­º¸´Ù´Â ±×³àÀÇ °íÅëÀÇ ½Ã°¢À¸·Î ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ º¸°Ô µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÌ ¼ø°£ºÎÅÍ °è¼ÓÇؼ­(on) Áß¿äÇÑ º¯È­°¡ ÀϾ´Ù.

ÀÌ ¼ø°£ÀÇ Á߿伺Àº Prolog£ÛßíØ­(¼­¸·)£Ý°úÀÇ ÅؽºÆ® »óÈ£°£ °ü°è¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ Ç¥½ÃµÇ¸ç Prolog´Â á¡íºîî(¼ºÀÚÀü)°ú ÎçüåÕõ(±³È¸·Â)¿¡ µû¶ó ¹è¿­µÈ ±³ÈÆÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ Áß¼¼ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¹®ÇÐÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÛÇ°ÀÌ´Ù. 1892³â¿¡ ¾´ ÇÑ ÆíÁö¿¡¼­ Tolstoy´Â Prolog·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶² ºÎ»ó´çÇÑ °ÅÁö¸¦ ÁýÀ¸·Î µ¥¸®°í ¿Í¼­ µ¹º¸´Â ¾î¶² ¼öµµ»çÀÇ À̾߱⸦ ȸ»óÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× °ÅÁö´Â ´õ¿í ´õ È­¸¸ ³»´Ù°¡ ¸¶Ä§³» ¾î´À ³¯ È­°¡ Æø¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù: ¡®³ª´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¾ó±¼À» °ßµô ¼ö°¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ³ª¸¦ ³õ¾Æ ÁÖ¼¼¿ä. ³ª´Â ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ³ª¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ´ç½ÅÀº ³ª¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ´ç½ÅÀÌ ³ª¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ ±¸¿ø¹Þ±â¸¦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ³ª´Â ´ç½ÅÀ» Áõ¿ÀÇÕ´Ï´Ù. °Å¸®·Î µµ·Î µ¥·Á´Ù ÁֽÿÀ. ¿©±â¼­ ´ç½ÅÀÇ º¸»ìÇËÀ» ¹Þ´Â °Íº¸´Ù´Â ³ª·Î¼­´Â °Å±â°¡ ´õ ÆíÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù¡¯.

 
19-17-131
The parallel with this central passage in the novel is striking, and Tolstoy's interpretation of the Prolog story makes his intention clear, for he reads it as a parable of 'our' relationship to the 'people' through whom 'we want to save ourselves' and 'whom we do not simply love'.

By echoing this story in the novel, Tolstoy underlines not only the theological theme of love and salvation, but also the social issue of the 'people' which dominated the second half of the nineteenth century of Russia. The institution of selfdom had been abolished in 1861, but the reality of virtually bipartite society composed of aristocracy and an intelligentsia on the one hand and a vast uneducated and impoverished peasant population on the other persisted. Guilt-sticken in their isolation from the masses, the aristocracy and intelligentsia both idolized the 'people' as the true bearers of the Russian faith (Dostoevsky) or latter-day Rousseauan noble savages(Tolstoy), and condescended to them in movements to educate or modernize them. From the 1880s on this social and economic imbalance fostered a revolutionary response which, through the years, grew into the movements which resulted in the revolutions of the early twentieth century. Tolstoy himself had, even in the 1860s, set up a school for the peasants at Yasnaya Polyana, his family estate, and later, in the 1870s, when the 'movement to the people' was in full swing, he composed primers for their education. His own guilt-ridden identification with the peasantry is marked by donning their garb and participating in their mowing. He often portrayed his heroes in moments of encounter with peasants, usually marked by a failure of communication.

¼Ò¼³¿¡¼­(¼Ò¼³ÀÇ È帧°ú) ÀÌ ±¸Àý°úÀÇ ´ëºñ°¡ ³î¶ø°í Prolog ½ºÅ丮¿¡ ´ëÇÑ TolstoyÀÇ Çؼ®Àº ±×ÀÇ Àǵµ¸¦ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¹àÈ÷°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â Prolog¸¦ ¡®¿ì¸®°¡ ±×µé(¹ÎÁß)À» ÅëÇؼ­ ±¸¿ø¹Þ±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏ°í¡¯ ±×¸®°í ¡®¿ì¸®°¡ ´ÜÁö »ç¶ûÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â¡¯ ¡®»ç¶÷µé (¹ÎÁß)¡¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¡®¿ì¸®¡¯ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ °üÇÑ éÕü¥(¿ìÈ­)·Î¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» Çؼ®(reads)Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

¼Ò¼³¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ½ºÅ丮¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ Tolstoy´Â »ç¶û°ú ±¸¿øÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó 19¼¼±â ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÈĹݺθ¦ ÁÖµµÇÏ¿´´ø ¡®¹ÎÁß¡¯ÀÇ »çȸÀû À̽´µµ °­Á¶ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ³ó³ëÁ¦µµ´Â 1861³â¿¡ ÆóÁöµÇ¾úÁö¸¸ ÇÑ ÂÊÀÇ ±ÍÁ· ¹× Áö½ÄÀεé(intelligentsia)°ú ´Ù¸¥ ÂÊÀÇ ±³À°¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÏ°í °¡³­¿¡ Âîµç ³ó¹Îµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ »ç½Ç»ó ¾çºÐµÈ »çȸ¶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀº ±×´ë·Î Á¸¼ÓÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´ëÁßÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °í¸³µÇ¾î ÁËÀǽĿ¡ ²ÈÈù ±ÍÁ·°ú ÀÎÅÚ¸® °è±ÞÀº ¸ðµÎ(both) ¡®¹ÎÁß¡¯À» ·¯½Ã¾Æ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ º¸À¯ÀÚ·Î(Dostoevsky) ȤÀº Çö´ëÀÇ ·ç¼ÒÀû(Rousseauan) °í±ÍÇÑ ¾ß¸¸ÀÎ(Tolstoy)À¸·Î ¿ì»óÈ­ÇÏ¿´°í ¹ÎÁßÀ» ±³À°½ÃÅ°°í Çö´ëÈ­ÇÏ´Â ¿îµ¿¿¡¼­ ¹ÎÁߵ鿡°Ô Ç㸮¸¦ ±ÁÇû´Ù. 1880³â´ëºÎÅÍ °è¼ÓÇؼ­ ÀÌ »çȸÀû °æÁ¦Àû ºÒ±ÕÇü(ºÒÆòµî)Àº Çõ¸íÀû ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¾ç¼ºÇÏ¿´°í ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¼¼¿ùÀÌ °¡¸é¼­ 20¼¼±â ÃÊ Çõ¸í(°ø»êÁÖÀÇ Çõ¸í)ÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Â ¿îµ¿À¸·Î ¼ºÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. Tolstoy Àڽŵµ ½ÉÁö¾î 1860³â´ë¿¡ ±×ÀÇ °¡Á· ¼ÒÀ¯Áö(estate)ÀÎ Yasnaya Polyana¿¡ ³ó¹ÎÇб³¸¦ ¼¼¿üÀ¸¸ç ±× ÈÄ 1870³â´ë ¡®¹ÎÁßÀ¸·Î °¡´Â ¿îµ¿¡¯(ºê³ª·Îµå¿îµ¿)ÀÌ ÇÑ Ã¢ ÁøÇà ÁßÀÏ ¶§ ³ó¹ÎÀ» À§ÇÑ Ãʺ¸µ¶º»À» ¾²±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¼Ò³óµé°ú ÁËÀǽÄÀÌ ½Ç·Á ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µ¿ÀϽÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±×°¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔ°í Ç®º£±â¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ Ç¥½ÃµÈ´Ù. ±×´Â Á¾Á¾ ÀÇ»ç¼ÒÅëÀÇ ½ÇÆÐÀÇ ¼ø°£¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­ ¼Ò³óµé°ú ¸¸³ª´Â ÁÖÀΰøµéÀ» ¹¦»çÇÏ¿´´Ù.

 
19-18-132
In Resurrection Nekhlyudov is presented in a characteristic state of guilt over his inheritance of land, his ownership of which he considers to be the cause of the peasants' poverty. This 'sin' against the people he early tries on to correct, but fails. The novel uses the story of Maslova in its stead, as the emblem of the hero's sin against the 'people'. Therefore, once Nekhlyudov moves beyond his obsession with his past sexual sin against Maslova and connects with her present pain, he is able to see other, more immediate causes of her suffering and to feel compassion for those who suffer like her but not because of him. The inter-textual reference to the story from the Prolog marks this moment. Immediately after it, Nekhlyudov begins his double journey into the world of officials who oppress Maslova and the world of the prisoners, the 'people' like her who are oppressed by the officials.

Nekhlyudov's journeys enable Tolstoy to create a gallery of portraits of oppressors and oppressed and thereby express his attitude to many of the major social issues of his day. The oppressors are generally represented in a negative light without shading or nuance. The 'old General of repute' in whose hands the fate of the prisoners rests, for example, is characterized by the 'profusion of Orders' he received for his successful military career, during which, among many exploits, 'a number of Russian peasants , with cropped hair, dressed in uniforms and armed with guns and bayonets, had killed at his command more than a thousand men who were defending their liberty, their homes, and their families' (¥±.xix).

¡°ºÎÈ°¡±¿¡¼­ Nekhlyudov´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÅäÁö»ó¼Ó¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ Ưº°ÇÑ ÁËÀÇ½Ä »óÅ¿¡ ºüÁ®ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¦½ÃµÇ´Âµ¥ ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ÅäÁö¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ °¡³­ÇÑ ³ó¹ÎµéÀÇ ºó°ïÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó°í °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù. ¹ÎÁß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ¡®ÁË¡¯¸¦ ±×´Â ¹Ù¸£°Ô ÀâÀ¸·Á°í °è¼Ó ³ë·ÂÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ´Ù. ¼Ò¼³Àº ÅäÁö´ë½Å ¡®ÀιΡ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖÀΰøÀÇ ÁËÀÇ »ó¡À¸·Î¼­ MaslovaÀÇ ½ºÅ丮¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Nekhlyudov°¡ ÀÏ´Ü ±×ÀÇ °ú°Å Maslova¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ºÀûÀÎ ÁË¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °­¹Ú°ü³äÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÏ¿© ±×³àÀÇ ÇöÀçÀÇ °íÅë°ú ¿¬°èµÉ ¶§ ±×´Â ±×³àÀÇ °í³­ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥, Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿øÀÎÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ°í Àڱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ±×³àó·³ °íÅë¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬¹ÎÀÇ Á¤À» ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Prolog¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅؽºÆ®°£ ¾ð±ÞÀº ÀÌ ¼ø°£À» Ç¥½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ÈÄ Áï½Ã Nekhlyudov´Â Maslova¸¦ ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ü¸®µéÀÇ ¼¼°è¿Í ±×³àó·³ °ü¸®µé¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ¾ÐÁ¦´çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¡®ÀιΡ¯µéÀÎ Á˼öµéÀÇ ¼¼°è·Î ì£ñì(ÀÌÁß) Ž±¸¿©ÇàÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù.

NekhlyudovÀÇ Å½±¸¿©ÇàÀº ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚ¿Í ÇǾйÚÀÚµéÀÇ ÃÊ»óÈ­ È­¶ûÀ» ¸¸µé°í ±×·¡¼­ ´ç´ëÀÇ ¸¹Àº Áß¿äÇÑ »çȸÀû À̽´¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Åµµ¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚµéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÙÚç¯(¹¦¿µ, shading)À̳ª ëäç¯(À½¿µ)ÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ±×·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù(represented). ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼­ ±×ÀÇ ¼Õ¾È¿¡ Á˼öµéÀÇ ¿î¸íÀÌ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Â ¡®ÆòÆÇ ³ôÀº ÒÇ(³ë) À屺¡¯Àº ±×ÀÇ ¼º°øÀûÀÎ ±º´ë °æ·ÂÀ¸·Î ¹ÞÀº ¡®¸¹Àº ÈÆÀ塯À¸·Î Ư¡µÇ°í, ±× ±º º¹¹« µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ¸¹Àº °øÀû Áß¿¡µµ ¡®ÂªÀº ¸Ó¸®¸¦ ÇÏ°í ±ºº¹À» ÀÔ°í ´ëÆ÷¿Í ¼ÒÃÑÀ¸·Î ¹«ÀåÇÑ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¸¹Àº ³ó¹Îµé(¡ÁýµÈ ³ó¹Îµé)Àº ±×ÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÚÀ¯¿Í °¡Á¤°ú °¡Á·À» ¹æ¾îÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ø õ ¸í ÀÌ»óÀÇ ³²ÀÚµéÀ» Á׿´´Ù¡¯µµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.


19-19-133
Now a weak old man, his duty is
〱to keep political prisoners¡ªmen and women¡ªin solitary confinement in such a way that half of them perished within ten years: some going out of their minds, some dying of consumption, some committing suicide by starving themselves, cutting their veins with bits of glass, hanging themselves, or burning themselves to death.¡µ

The old man accomplishes this task by strict observation of 'all the regulations which were prescribed 'from above', to which he 'ascribed a special importance, considering that everything else in the world might be changed' except them. Nekhlyudov's petitions to him, needless to say, go unheard; he closes his eyes and takes a rest for thinking.*

One of the most compelling issues of the last decade of the century was the growth in revolutionary activity. Tolstoy's interest in this important social tendency motivated his decision to have Maslova sent to Siberia along with the political prisoners, thus allowing him to place her among typical revolutionaries, whose portraits are more nuanced than those of the oppressors. One such, Nabatov, a peasant, advances in school but refuses to attend the university, so that he can 'go to the people', bringing his brethren the enlightenment he believes they need. Arrested many times, he never grows embittered, continues his activities wherever he is, and believes in a revolution which will not 'break down the whole edifice', but only 'alter the inner walls of the beautiful, strong, colossal old structure he loved so dearly' (¥².xii).

ÀÌÁ¦ Çã¾àÇÑ ³ëÀÎÀÎ ±×ÀÇ Àǹ«´Â
〱Á¤Ä¡¹üµéÀ»¡ª³²ÀÚ¿Í ¿©ÀÚ¡ª10³â À̳»¿¡ ±×µé Áß Àý¹ÝÀº Á×´Â ±×·± ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î µ¶¹æ °¨±ÝÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù: Á˼öµé ÀϺδ Á¤½ÅÀÌ ³ª°¡°í, ÀϺδ Æó°áÇÙÀ¸·Î Á×°í, ÀϺδ ´Ü½ÄÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÚ»ìÀ» ÇÏ°í, ÀϺδ À¯¸®Á¶°¢À¸·Î Á¤¸ÆÀ» ÀÚ¸£°í, ÀϺδ ¸ñÀ» ¸Å°í, ÀϺδ ºÐ½ÅÀÚ»ìÇÏ¿´´Ù.¡µ

³ëÀÎÀº ¡°¡®»óºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ Áö½Ã¹ÞÀº ¸ðµç ±ÔÁ¤¡¯¡±ÀÇ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ Áؼö¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ÀÌ ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±× ±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é(without them) ¡®¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ º¯ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Çϸ鼭 ±× ±ÔÁ¤¿¡ Ưº°ÇÑ Á߿伺À» ºÎ¿©ÇÏ¿´´Ù.¡¯ ¸»ÇÒ ÇÊ¿äÁ¶Â÷ ¾øÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ³½ NekhlyudovÀÇ Ã»¿øÀº µé·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ´«À» °¨°í »ý°¢À» À§Çؼ­ ÈÞ½ÄÀ» ÃëÇÑ´Ù. ¼¼±â(19)ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· 10³â µ¿¾È °¡Àå °­¾ÐÀûÀÎ À̽´ ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â Çõ¸íÈ°µ¿ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Áß¿äÇÑ »çȸÀû õÙá§(Ãß¼¼)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ TolstoyÀÇ °ü½ÉÀÌ Maslova¸¦ Á¤Ä¡¹üµé°ú ÇÔ²² ½Ãº£¸®¾Æ·Î º¸³»´Â ±×ÀÇ °áÁ¤ÀÇ µ¿±â°¡ µÇ¾ú°í ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çؼ­ Tolstoy·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×³à¸¦ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ Çõ¸í°¡µé °¡¿îµ¥¿¡ µÎµµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç Çõ¸í°¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸²(portraits)¿¡´Â ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸²º¸´Ù´Â ëäç¯(À½¿µ)ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ´õ ½ÉÇÏ¿´´Ù. ³ó¹Î Ãâ½ÅÀÇ ±×·± Àι°ÀÎ Nabatov´Â ¡®¹ÎÁß ¼ÓÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¡¼­¡¯ ±×ÀÇ µ¿Æ÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ±×°¡ ¹Ï´Â °è¸ùÀ» °¡Á®´ÙÁÖ±â À§Çؼ­ Çб³ ¼ºÀûÀÌ ¿ì¼öÇÏÁö¸¸ ´ëÇп¡ ´Ù´Ï±â¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù. ¿©·¯ ¹ø üÆ÷µÇ¾ú¾úÁö¸¸ ÇÑ ¹øµµ ºñÅëÇØÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø°í ¾îµð¿¡ °¡µç È°µ¿À» °è¼ÓÇÏ°í ¡®°Ç¹° Àüü´Â ¹«³Ê¶ß¸®Áö¡¯´Â ¾Ê°í ¡®±×°¡ ²ûÂïÀ̵µ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¸§´ä°í Æ°Æ°ÇÏ°í °Å´ëÇÏ°í ¿À·¡µÈ ±¸Á¶¹°ÀÇ ³»ºÎ º®¸¸¡¯À» º¯°æ½ÃÅ°±â´Â Çõ¸íÀ» ¹Ï´Â´Ù.
 

19-20-134
His religion focuses not on metaphysical questions like the existence of God ,but on the moral issues of how best to live, buttressed by a firm belief that, just as in the animal and vegetable world nothing ceases to exist but continually changes its form, so also will it be with man. Thus Tolstoy endeavours to create a rounded and believable, if idealized, figure, even as he takes pains to balance this positive image of a peasant revolutionary by a negative one. Markel Kondratyev, a factory worker who had a sense of being wronged from the age of 15, discovers the possibility of freedom from his oppression through the acquisition of knowledge; he reads Marx, vehemently rejects and ridicules all religion, and with his mentor Novodvorov believes in seizing power from the government and then exercising it for the 'people' (¥². xiv) Through these portraits Tolstoy conveys his sympathy for the revolutionary movements as well as his concern that they too may lead to nasilie.*

In the novel Maslova, who is 'Love', is finally brought into close association with two emblematic figures, Mary Pavlovna and Simpson, both upper-class revolutionaries, sympathetic with the people, who embody Tolstoyan sexual views. Mary Pavlovna, Maslova's best friend, was repelled by sexual love, not like Maslova who had 'experienced all its horrors', but because, never having experienced it, ¡®she looked on it as something incomprehensible¡¦ repugnant and offensive to human dignity.¡¯ (¥².iii)

±×ÀÇ Á¾±³´Â ãêÀÇ Á¸Àç °°Àº ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í µ¿¹°°ú ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² °Íµµ »ýÁ¸À» Áß´ÜÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í °è¼Ó ÇüŸ¦ º¯È­½ÃÄÑ ³ª°¡´Â °Íó·³ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¼¼°èµµ ±×·¸°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â È®°íÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ò¨ò¥(ÁöÁö)¹ÞÀ¸¸ç ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ¸é °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô »ì ¼ö Àִ°¡ ¶ó´Â µµ´öÀû À̽´¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çؼ­ Tolstoy´Â ÇÑ ³ó¹Î Çõ¸í°¡ÀÇ ÀÌ·± ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ À̹ÌÁö¸¦ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ±ÕÇüÀ» ÀâÀ¸·Á°í Çϸ鼭µµ ÀÌ»óÈ­µÇ¾ú´õ¶óµµ ¿ø¸¸ÇÏ°í ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àι°À» âÁ¶ÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù. 15¼¼ ¶§ºÎÅÍ Çдë´çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °øÀå ³ëµ¿ÀÚÀÎ Markel Kondratyev´Â Áö½ÄÀÇ ½ÀµæÀ» ÅëÇؼ­ ¾ÐÁ¦·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇعæÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÑ´Ù; ±×´Â Marx¸¦ ÀÐ°í ¸ðµç Á¾±³¸¦ ¸Í·ÄÇÏ°Ô ¹èôÇÏ°í Á¶·ÕÇÏ¸ç ±×ÀÇ ½º½Â Novodvorov¿Í ÇÔ²² Á¤ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Å»ÃëÇÏ¿© ¡®ÀιΡ¯À» À§Çؼ­ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ÀÌ·± Àι°µéÀÇ ±×¸²À» ÅëÇؼ­ Tolstoy´Â Çõ¸í¿îµ¿(they)ÀÌ nasilie·Î À̲øÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â °ÆÁ¤°ú ÇÔ²² Çõ¸í¿îµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°¨À» Àü´ÞÇÑ´Ù.

¼Ò¼³¿¡¼­ ¡®Love¡¯ÀÎ Maslova´Â ¸¶Ä§³» Àιε鿡°Ô µ¿Á¤ÀûÀÌ°í, »ó·ù°è±Þ Ãâ½Å Çõ¸í°¡µéÀÎ Mary Pavlovna¿Í Simpson¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è¸¦ ¸Î°Ô µÇ¸ç ÀÌ µÑÀº TolstoyÀÇ ¼ºÀû °ßÇظ¦ È­½ÅÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. MaslovaÀÇ °¡Àå Ä£ÇÑ Ä£±¸ÀÎ Mary Pavlovna´Â ¡®àõîÜ(¼ºÀû)ÀÎ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¸ðµç úîç÷(Çø¿À)¡¯¸¦ °æÇèÇÏ¿´´ø Maslova¿Í´Â ´Ù¸£°Ô ¼ºÀû »ç¶û¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ °ÅºÎ°¨À» ´À³¢Áö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀº ¼ºÀû »ç¶ûÀ» °æÇèÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é¼­µµ ¡®±×³à´Â ¼ºÀû »ç¶ûÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í¡¦ Çø¿À°¨À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¸¾ö¼º¿¡ °ø°ÝÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.¡¯

 
19-21-135

Mary, on the other hand, knows another kind of love: 'the interest of her whole life lay in searching for opportunities to serve others just as sportsman searches for game. And the sport had become the habit, the business of her life, and she did it all so naturally that those who knew her were no longer grateful, but simply expected it of her.' Mary thus embodies the 'task of life' as Tolstoy had come to understand it: 'the task of life is to work out in oneself a conscious love which of itself is transformed into an unconscious love' (liv. 128; 1902), a task which is in reality the creation of the 'habit' of love (liii. 220; 1890)

Simonson is in love with Maslova, and they intend to marry. But Simonson believes that 'procreation is a lower function of man', so that, since he has devoted himself to 'the higher function' which is 'to serve already existing lives', the marriage will be platonic (¥².iv). Unlike Mary Pavlovna, however, Simonson's devotion to service is built on a whole theory of life. 'Everything in the universe lives, nothing is dead, and all the objects we consider lifeless, or inorganic' are but parts of an enormous organic body which we cannot compass. The task of man, as part of that huge organism, is to sustain its life and that of all its living parts. This view, which echoes a position held by Tolstoy since the 1870s, leads Simonson to a Tolstoyan condemnation of destruction of life, wars, capital punishment, and even the killing of animals. Like his creator, he is a vegetarian and does not wear animal skins. Like Mary Pavlona, therefore, Simonson embodies ideals toward which Tolstoy felt called, but himself had difficulty approaching. Maslova's marriage to him marks her realization of those ideals which Nekhlyudov, in his renewed interest in marriage and a family at the end, has, like his creator, not yet reached.

ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â Mary´Â ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ »ç¶ûÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù: ¡®±×³àÀÇ Æò»ýÀÇ °ü½ÉÀº ½ºÆ÷Ã÷¸ÇÀÌ °ÔÀÓÀ» Ãß±¸ÇϵíÀÌ Å¸Àο¡°Ô ºÀ»çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¸¦ ã´Â °Í¿¡ ³õ¿©ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× ½ºÆ÷Ã÷´Â ½À°üÀÌ µÇ¾î ¹ö·È°í ±×³à »îÀÇ »ý¾÷ÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×¸®°í ±×³à´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô ÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×³à¸¦ ¾Æ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó °í¸¿°Ô »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×³à¿¡°Ô¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ±â´ëÇÒ »ÓÀ̾ú´Ù.¡¯ Mary´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çؼ­ Tolstoy°¡ ÀÌÇØÇÏ°Ô µÈ °Íó·³ ¡®ßæÀÇ °ú¾÷¡¯À» ûùãó(È­½Å)ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù: ¡®»ýÀÇ °ú¾÷¡¯Àº ÀڽŠ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ½º½º·Î ¹«ÀǽÄÀû »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î º¯ÇüÇÏ´Â ÀÇ½Ä ÀÖ´Â »ç¶ûÀ» ¼ºÃëÇØ ³»´Â °ÍÀ̸ç ÀÌ°ÍÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î »ç¶ûÀÇ ¡®½À°ü¡¯À» âÁ¶ÇÏ´Â °ú¾÷ÀÌ´Ù.

SimonsonÀÌ Maslova¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í ±×µéÀº °áÈ¥ÇÒ Àǵµ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª SimonsonÀº ¡®ßæãÖ(»ý½Ä)Àº Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇÏµî ±â´É¡¯À̶ó°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±×´Â ¡®ÀÌ¹Ì Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »ý¸í(Àΰ£)µé¿¡°Ô ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â °Í¡¯ÀÎ ¡®°íµî ±â´É¡¯¿¡ Áö±Ý±îÁö Çå½ÅÇØ ¿Ô±â ¶§¹®¿¡ °áÈ¥Àº ÇöóÅä´Ð(Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ)ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Mary Pavlovna¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® SimonsonÀÇ ºÀ»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çå½ÅÀº ÀüüÀûÀÎ »ý¸íÀÇ À̷п¡ ±¸ÃàµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¡®¿ìÁÖ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¹°Àº »ì¾Æ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¾î¶² °Íµµ Á×Àº °ÍÀº ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¡¯¿ì¸®°¡ »ý¸íÀÌ ¾ø°Å³ª ºñÀ¯±âÀûÀ̶ó°í °£ÁÖÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¹°¡®Àº ´ÜÁö ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌÇØÇÒ(compass) ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Å´ëÇÑ À¯±âüÀÇ ºÎºÐÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ±× °Å´ëÇÑ À¯±âüÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ Àΰ£ÀÇ °ú¾÷Àº ±× À¯±âüÀÇ »ý¸í°ú ±× À¯±âüÀÇ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ºÎºÐµéÀÇ »ý¸íÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ °üÁ¡Àº, 1870³â´ë ÀÌÈÄ·Î Tolstoy¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ °ßÁöµÇ°í ÀÖ´ø ÀÔÀåÀ» ÚãúÂ(¹ÝÇâ)ÇÏ°í Àִµ¥, SimonsonÀ» »ý¸íÀÇ Æı«, ÀüÀï, »çÇüÁ¦µµ, ½ÉÁö¾î µ¿¹°ÀÇ »ìÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ TolstoyÀûÀÎ ºñ³­À¸·Î À̲ö´Ù. ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ Ã¢Á¶ÀÚ(Tolstoy)ó·³ ä½ÄÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÌ°í µ¿¹°°¡Á׿ÊÀ» ÀÔÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Mary Pavlonaó·³ SimonsonÀº Tolstoy°¡ ¼Ò¸íÀǽÄÀ» ´À²¼´ø ÀÌ»óÀ» È­½ÅÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Á÷Á¢ (±× ÀÌ»ó¿¡) Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â µ¥´Â ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °¡Á³¾ú´Ù. MaslovaÀÇ °áÈ¥Àº Nekhlyudov°¡ °á±¹ °áÈ¥°ú °¡Á·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î °ü½É ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ Ã¢Á¶ÀÚ(Tolstoy)ó·³ ¾ÆÁ÷Àº µµ´ÞÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ±×·± ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×³àÀÇ ±ú´ÞÀ½À» Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù.

 
19-22-136
The novel closes with a rapid series of revelatory encounters which prepare Nekhlyudov for his final insight and his 'new life'. After the culminating realization of the ultimate meaning of the Russian prison experience based on so much exposure to the prisoners and their imprisoners (¥². xix), Nekhlyudov dines with a general and his family, only to discover that he still enjoys the company of cultured people and the joys of family life. His last ¡®interview¡¯ with Maslova finally clarifies their relationship: she is marrying Simonson for Nekhlyudov's sake, to release him from his pursuit of redemption. (¥².xxvii). This desire and freedom to create a new life is tempered by the finality of death which Nekhlyudov confronts with the sight of Kriltsov's dead body (¥².xxvii). The most significant of these encounters, however, is the emblematic meeting with a 'dishevelled old man' (¥².xxi). Like Levin and his conversation with Platon at the end of Anna Karenina, or Pierre and his meeting up with Bazdeev the mason and Platon Karataev in War and Peace, Nekhlyudov at this culminating moment chances upon a passer-by who bodies forth a truth necessary to him at this juncture in life. With no name, no age, no parents, no place, no country, or no passport, this 'Man', born of 'God the Father and Mother Earth', has no destination, except 'where God may lead me' and does not believe in God as ordinarily understood, but only in himself, understood as the one spirit in him as in all. This emblematic 'Man' reveals to Nekhlyudov his true identity and vocation, thus motivating his return to the Gospels which closes the novel and the new task of life which awaits him after it. Resurrection ends, thus, as do both War and Peace and Anna Karenina, with the hero's firm resolve for his life now understood as a life in God. It is this resolve that Tolstoy too in the end shares with his heroes.

¼Ò¼³Àº Nekhlyudov¿¡°Ô ±×ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ÅëÂû°ú ¡®»õ·Î¿î »î¡¯À» Áغñ½ÃÅ°´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°í ÌöãÆîÜ(°è½ÃÀû)ÀÎ ¸¶ÁÖħ(encounters)°ú ÇÔ²² ³¡³­´Ù. Á˼ö¿Í Åõ¿Á½ÃÅ°´Â Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¸Å¿ì ¸¹Àº Æø·Î¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ ·¯½Ã¾Æ °¨¿Á°æÇèÀÇ ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ Àǹ̸¦ ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î ±ú´ÞÀº ÈÄ¿¡ Nekhlyudov´Â ¾î¶² À屺°ú ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·µé°ú ÇÔ²² ½Ä»ç¸¦ Çϸ鼭 ±×´Â ¼¼·ÃµÈ »ç¶÷µé°úÀÇ Ä£±³¿Í °¡Á·»ýÈ°ÀÇ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Áñ±â°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Maslova¿ÍÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ¡®È¸°ß¡¯Àº ¸¶Ä§³» ±×µéÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ¸í·áÈ­ÇÑ´Ù: ±×³à´Â Nekhlyudov¸¦ À§Çؼ­, ±¸¿øÀÇ Ãß±¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸¦ Çعæ½ÃÅ°±â À§Çؼ­ Simonson°ú °áÈ¥ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î »îÀ» âÁ¶ÇÏ·Á´Â ÀÌ ¿å¸Á°ú ÀÚÀ¯´Â Nekhlyudov°¡ KriltsovÀÇ ã»ãó(½Ã½Å)À» º¸¸é¼­ Á÷¸éÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â Á×À½ÀÇ Àý´ë¼º(finality:ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀÎ °Í)¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ¿ÏÈ­µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌµé ¸¶ÁÖħ(encounters) Áß¿¡¼­µµ °¡Àå ÀÇ¹Ì ±íÀº °ÍÀº ¡®ÇëŬ¾îÁø ¸Ó¸®Ä®À» ÇÑ ³ëÀΡ¯°úÀÇ »ó¡ÀûÀÎ ¸¸³²ÀÌ´Ù. ¡°¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¡±ÀÇ ³¡¿¡¼­ Levin°ú Platon°úÀÇ ´ëȭó·³ ȤÀº ¡°ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ­¡±¿¡¼­ Pierre¿Í à´â¢(¼®¼ö) Bazdeev ±×¸®°í Platon Karataev»çÀÌÀÇ ´ëȭó·³ Nekhlyudov´Â ÀÌ ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ¼ø°£¿¡ ÀλýÀÇ ÀÌ Áß´ëÇÑ ½ÃÁ¡(juncture)¿¡¼­ ±×¿¡°Ô ÇʼöÀûÀÎ Áø¸®¸¦ »ó¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³»´Â(body forth) ¾î¶² ÅëÇàÀΰú ¿ì¿¬È÷ ¸¸³ª°Ô µÈ´Ù. À̸§µµ ³ªÀ̵µ ºÎ¸ðµµ ÁÖ¼Òµµ ³ª¶óµµ ¿©±Çµµ ¾ø´Â, ¡®¾Æ¹öÁö Çϳª´Ô°ú ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¶¥¡¯À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Å¾ ÀÌ ¡®Man¡¯Àº ¡®Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ³ª¸¦ ÀεµÇØ Áֽô °÷¡¯ ¿Ü¿¡´Â ¸ñÀûÁöµµ ¾ø°í ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ãêÀº ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀڽŸ¸À» ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀº (ÀÚ½ÅÀº) ¸¸¹°¿¡¼­¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÀÚ±â ÀڽŠ¾È¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ çÏ(¿µ)ÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇصȴÙ. ÀÌ »ó¡ÀûÀÎ ¡®Man¡¯Àº Nekhlyudov¿¡°Ô NekhlyudovÀÇ ÂüµÈ Á¤Ã¼¿Í ±×ÀÇ °ú¾÷À» °è½ÃÇØÁÖ°í ±×·¡¼­ ¼Ò¼³ÀÇ ³¡ÀÌ µÇ´Â º¹À½¼­·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡¼­ ±× ÈÄ ±×¸¦ ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ °ú¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿±â¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ¡°ºÎÈ°¡±Àº ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çؼ­ ¡°ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ­¡±¿Í ¡°¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¡±¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ÀÌÁ¦ Çϳª´Ô °¡¿îµ¥¿¡¼­ÀÇ »îÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇصǴ »îÀ» À§ÇÑ ÁÖÀΰøÀÇ È®°íÇÑ °á½É°ú ÇÔ²² ³¡³­´Ù. Tolstoyµµ °á±¹ ÁÖÀΰøµé°ú °øÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ °á½ÉÀÌ´Ù.


 

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