세계의 一流국가들을 많이 다녀본 결과, 이런 공통점이 발견되었다.

1. 전쟁을 많이 한 나라이다.
2. 전쟁영웅들의 동상이 많다.
3. 국민들이 조용하고 친절하고 절도가 있다.
4. 지도층은 용감하고 깨끗하다.
5. 母國語를 사랑하고 가꾼다.
6. 국민들은 독서를 많이 한다.
7. 경찰관을 두려워한다.
8. 建國 기념일을 경축한다.
9. 화폐엔 建國, 특히 공화국 건설의 공로자들 얼굴이 많이 들어간다.
10. 兵役에 특혜가 없다.

一流국가가 되겠다는 한국은,

1. 전쟁을 많이 하지 않았다.
2. 전쟁영웅들의 동상이 적다.
3. 국민들이 절도가 없다.
4. 지도층이 비겁하고 썩었다.
5. 母國語를 파괴하고 있다.
6. 독서 수준, 讀解 수준이 너무 낮다.
7. 경찰을 우습게 안다.
8. 建國 기념일을 경축하지 않는다.
9. 화폐엔 建國, 특히 공화국 건설 공로자들의 얼굴이 하나도 없다.
10. 兵役 특혜가 너무 많다.

*결론적으로 한국은 아직 멀었다.


The FDP was founded on 11 December 1948 through the merger of nine regional liberal parties formed in 1945 from the remnants of the pre-1933 German People's Party (DVP) and the German Democratic Party (DDP), which had been active in the Weimar Republic.[Note 1] The FDP's first Chairman, Theodor Heuss, was formerly a member of the DDP and after the war of the Democratic People's Party (DVP).

In all federal election campaigns since the 1980s, the party sided with the CDU and CSU, the main conservative parties in Germany. An exception to the party policy was made in the 2002 campaign, in which it adopted a position of "equidistance" to the CDU and SPD. Following German reunification in 1990, the FDP merged with the Association of Free Democrats, a grouping of liberals from East Germany and the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany. During the 1990s, the FDP won between 6.2 and 11 percent of the vote in Bundestag elections. It last participated in the federal government by representing the junior partner in the government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl of the CDU.

[edit] 2005 federal election
In the 2005 general election the party won 9.8 percent of the vote and 61 federal deputies, an unpredicted improvement from prior opinion polls. It is believed that this was partly due to tactical voting by CD and Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) alliance supporters who hoped for stronger market-oriented economic reforms than the CDU/CSU alliance called for. However, because the CDU did worse than predicted, the FDP and the CDU/CSU alliance were unable to form a coalition government. At other times, for example after the 2002 federal election, a coalition between the FDP and CDU/CSU was impossible primarily because of the weak results of the FDP.

The CDU/CSU parties had achieved the 3rd worst performance in German postwar history with only 35.2 percent of the votes. Therefore, the FDP wasn't able to form a coalition with its preferred partners, the CDU/CSU parties. As a result, the party was considered as a potential member of two other political coalitions, following the election. One possibility was a partnership between the FDP, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Alliance 90/The Greens, known as a "traffic light coalition", named after the colors of the three parties. This coalition was ruled out, because the FDP considered the Social Democrats and the Greens insufficiently committed to market-oriented economic reform. The other possibility was a CDU-FDP-Green coalition, known as a "Jamaica coalition" because of the colours of the three parties. This coalition wasn't concluded either, since the Greens ruled out participation in any coalition with the CDU/CSU. Instead, the CDU formed a Grand coalition with the SPD, and the FDP entered the opposition. FDP leader Guido Westerwelle became the unofficial leader of the opposition by virtue of the FDP's position as the largest opposition party in the Bundestag.


Philipp Rösler is FDP chairman, having succeeded Guido Westerwelle, the party's second-longest serving chairman, in May 2011.[edit] 2009 federal election
In the national vote on September 27, 2009 the FDP increased its share of the vote by 4.8% to 14.6%, an all-time record so far. This percentage was enough to offset a decline in the CDU/CSU's vote compared to 2005, to create a CDU-FDP governing coalition in the Bundestag with a 53% majority of seats. On election night party leader Westerwelle said his party would work to ensure that civil liberties were respected and that Germany got an "equitable tax system and better education opportunities."[10]

The party also made gains in the two state elections held at the same time, acquiring sufficient seats for a CDU-FDP coalition in the northernmost state, Schleswig-Holstein and gaining enough votes in left leaning Brandenburg to clear the 5% hurdle to enter that state's parliament.

Westerwelle stepped down as party leader in 2011 after bad state election results in Saxony-Anhalt, Rhineland-Palatinate, and Baden-Württemberg. He was replaced on 13 May 2011 by Philipp Rösler. Since this switch, FDP received 2.4% of the vote in Bremen, failing to receive the 5% required to get into the Bürgerschaft.[11]

[edit] Policies
The FDP adheres to a classical liberal ideology,[7][8][9][12] advocating liberalism in both the economic sphere and social sphere.[13] The current guidelines of the FDP are enshrined in the principles of Wiesbaden. A key objective of the FDP is the "strengthening of freedom and individual responsibility".

[edit] Economic policy
The FDP espouses the most economic liberal ideas of the parties represented in the German federal parliament.[citation needed] The main goal is the creation of jobs by creating incentives for private investments.[citation needed] This shall be achieved, among other measures, through reduced bureaucracy, privatisation, deregulation, through removal of subsidies, and reform of collective bargaining.[citation needed] The national debt shall be reduced.[citation needed] The party supports globalisation.[citation needed]

In the tax policy a simple tax code is called for.[citation needed] The party supports a bracket income tax system, as opposed to the current 'linear' system, and, in the long-term a flat tax.[citation needed] Through tax cuts, the purchasing power of employees will be increased and the economy will be stimulated.[citation needed]

In social policy, the FDP aims for the introduction of a citizen's dividend (Bürgergeld), which collects all the tax-financed social welfare and social security funds of the state.[citation needed] The social security funds should be supplemented through privately-funded schemes.[citation needed]

In energy policy, the FDP calls for a combination of nuclear, coal, oil and gas and renewable energy for electricity production.[citation needed] The phasing out of nuclear power is seen critically by the FDP.[citation needed]

[edit] Social policy
The common view in the party is a critical attitude towards the state and to conservative and egalitarian social policies.[citation needed] Under the slogan "As much government as necessary, as little government as possible," the FDP tries to limit the state involvement in the life of the individual as far as possible.[citation needed] The unifying stance for them is the idea of "creating and maintaining the freedom of individuals". Thus the party supported nearly all social liberalizations that have been implemented in the federal republic.[citation needed]

Throughout its history, the FDP's policies have shifted between emphasis on social liberalism and economic liberalism. Since the 1980s, the FDP has maintained a consistent pro-business stance.[citation needed] The FDP supports strong competition laws and a minimum standard of welfare protection for every citizen.[citation needed] In addition, the FDP endorses to complement the social welfare and health care systems with laws that would require every employed citizen to invest in a private social security account.[citation needed]

The FDP supports gay rights former party leader Guido Westerwelle is openly gay.[citation needed]

[edit] Domestic policy
The FDP traditionally declines laws which it considers restrictions of fundamental rights.[citation needed] The party is opposed to wiretapping, although the FDP originally supported 'Großer Lauschangriff'. It also rejects data retention in the phone and internet.[citation needed] The FDP is opposed to a tightening of the penal code, and instead supports for the recruitment of more police officers, judges, and prosecutors to improve security and speed up trials. In addition, improved rehabilitation is called for, especially for young offenders.[citation needed]

One objective of the FDP is the promotion of pre-school education.[citation needed] There shall be mandatory language tests at the age of four to detect linguistic weaknesses of children with immigrant backgrounds and train them in time for school.[citation needed] Half-day childcare shall be free, in accordance with the legal right to a kindergarten place, from the third year of life and school enrolment. Language teaching shall constitute an integral part of the curriculum from grade one onwards.[citation needed]

The FDP calls for the establishment of full-day schools and the high school diploma after twelve years of schooling.[citation needed] In addition, the Liberals are opposed to all-day schools, because they believe that those schools are not performance-oriented enough and individual student support is not sufficiently guaranteed.[citation needed] The FDP supports tuition fees to fund the universities. It also calls for the abolition of laws and regulations to improve research conditions. The FDP opposed the 1996 spelling reform as a result, their election manifestos are written in the previously conventional spelling.[citation needed]

[edit] Foreign policy
The FDP describes itself as the pro-European party, although the minority national liberal faction is soft eurosceptic.[14] The FDP wants a politically-integrated EU with a Common Foreign and Security Policy, but supported a referendum on the Treaty of Lisbon. The FDP advocates the accession of Turkey to the EU, although this would require Turkey to fulfil all criteria.[citation needed]

[edit] Federal election results
Below are charts of the results that the Free Democratic Party has secured in each election to the federal Bundestag. Timelines showing the number of seats and percentage of party list votes won are on the right.

Year Vote % Seats Place[Note 2]
1949 11.9 52 3rd
1953 9.5 48 3rd
1957 7.7 41 3rd
1961 12.8 67 3rd
1965 9.5 49 3rd
1969 5.8 30 3rd
1972 8.4 41 3rd
1976 7.9 39 3rd
1980 10.6 53 3rd
1983 6.9 34 3rd
1987 9.1 46 3rd
1990 11.0 79 3rd
1994 6.9 47 4th
1998 6.2 43 4th
2002 7.4 47 4th
2005 9.8 61 3rd
2009 14.6 93 3rd





[edit] Leadership

Hans-Dietrich Genscher served almost continuously as Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor from 1974 to 1992.[edit] Party chairmen
Leader From To
1st Theodor Heuss 1948 1949
2nd Franz Blücher 1949 7 March 1954
3rd Thomas Dehler 7 March 1954 24 January 1957
4th Reinhold Maier 24 January 1957 29 January 1960
5th Erich Mende 29 January 1960 29 January 1968
6th Walter Scheel 29 January 1968 1 October 1974
7th Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1 October 1974 23 February 1985
8th Martin Bangemann 23 February 1985 9 October 1988
9th Otto Graf Lambsdorff 9 October 1988 11 June 1993
10th Klaus Kinkel 11 June 1993 10 June 1995
11th Wolfgang Gerhardt 10 June 1995 4 May 2001
12th Guido Westerwelle 4 May 2001 13 May 2011
13th Philipp Rösler 13 May 2011 Present day

[edit] Leaders in the Bundestag
Leader From To
1st Theodor Heuss 1949 12 September 1949
2nd Hermann Schäfer 12 September 1949 10 January 1951
3rd August-Martin Euler 10 January 1951 6 May 1952
4th Hermann Schäfer 6 May 1952 20 October 1953
5th Thomas Dehler 20 October 1953 8 January 1957
6th Max Becker 8 January 1957 November 1957
7th Erich Mende November 1957 22 October 1963
8th Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm 22 October 1963 23 January 1968
9th Wolfgang Mischnick 23 January 1968 15 January 1991
10th Hermann Otto Solms 15 January 1991 26 October 1998
11th Wolfgang Gerhardt 5 October 1998 30 April 2006
12th Guido Westerwelle 30 April 2006 25 October 2009
13th Birgit Homburger 25 October 2009 10 May 2011
14th Rainer Brüderle 10 May 2011 Present day

[edit] See also
Liberalism in Germany
Friedrich Naumann Foundation
Liberal Students Association
[edit] Notes
^ These nine regionally organised liberal parties were the Bremian Democratic People's Party (BDV) in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, the Democratic Party of Southern and Middle Baden (DemP) in the State of South Baden, the Democratic Party (DP) in the State of Rhineland-Palatinate, the Democratic People's Party of Northern Württemberg-Northern Baden (DVP) in the State of Württemberg-Baden, the Democratic People's Party of Southern Württemberg-Hohenzollern (DVP) in the State of Württemberg-Hohenzollern, the united Free Democratic Party (F.D.P.) of the British zone of occupation, the Free Democratic Party (F.D.P.) in the Free State of Bavaria, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in the State of Hesse, and the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) of Berlin (West). Cf. Almut Leh and Alexander von Plato, Ein unglaublicher Frühling: erfahrene Geschichte im Nachkriegsdeutschland 1945 - 1948, Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung (ed.), Bonn: Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung, 1997, p. 77. ISBN 3-89331-298-6
^ Counts Christian Democratic Union and Christian Social Union together for purposes of comparison.
[edit] Footnotes
^ nachrichten.de. 6 April 2011. http://www.nachrichten.de/panorama/HINTERGRUND-Unterschiedliche-Stroemungen-in-der-FDP-aid_CNG.ba4a108b8bbdedd05a8e9a338e436acf.171.html.
^ "FDP sehnt sich nach Erneuerung". Wiener Zeitung. 31 March 2011. http://www.wienerzeitung.at/DesktopDefault.aspx?TabID=3862&Alias=wzo&cob=552963.
^ "Unterschiedliche Strömungen in der FDP". nachrichten.de. 6 April 2011. http://www.nachrichten.de/panorama/HINTERGRUND-Unterschiedliche-Stroemungen-in-der-FDP-aid_CNG.ba4a108b8bbdedd05a8e9a338e436acf.171.html.
^ Dymond, Johnny (27 September 2009). "Merkel heading for new coalition". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8277526.stm.
^ Peel, Quentin (9 May 2010). "Germans take weeks over coalition pacts". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/d12ca9b2-5b91-11df-85a3-00144feab49a.html.
^ Boswell, Christina Hough, Dan (April 2008). "Politicizing migration: opportunity or liability for the centre-right in Germany?". Journal of European Public Policy 15 (3): 331󈞜. doi:10.1080/13501760701847382.
^ a b Gunlicks, Arthur B. (2003). The Länder and German federalism. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 268. ISBN 9780719065330.
^ a b van Dijk, Ruud (2008). Encyclopedia of the Cold War, Volume 1. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 541. ISBN 9780415975155.
^ a b Zimmer, Matthias (1997). Germany: Phoenix in trouble?. Edmonton: University of Alberta. p. 114. ISBN 9780888643056.
^ Merkel to head new center-right government Deutsche Welle 27 September 2009.
^ [1] Stern 26 May 2011.
^ Kommers, Donald P. (1997). The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780822318385. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sHZfkgxtoZQC.
^ Kesselman, Mark (1997). European Politics in Transition. Durham: D.C. Heath. p. 247. ISBN 9780669244434. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cwckAQAAIAAJ.
^ Taggart, Paul Szczerbiak, Aleks. The Party Politics of Euroscepticism in EU Member and Candidate States. SEI Working Paper. 51. Sussex European Institute. p. 11. http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sei/documents/wp51.pdf.
[edit] References
Kirchner, Emil Broughton, David (1988). "The FDP in the Federal Republic of Germany". In Kirchner, Emil. Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62󈟉. ISBN 9780521323949. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9IrE08SV1wEC.
Roberts, Geoffrey K. (1997). Party Politics in the New Germany. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9781855673113. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=baa_OhYsv6wC.
Aguilera de Prat, Cesáreo R. Rosenstein, Jed (2009). Political Parties and European Integration. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 9789052015354. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctGllqdyg7oC.
[edit] External links
Official website
[show]v · d · eFree Democratic Party

Federal chairmen Heuss · Blücher · Dehler · Maier · Mende · Scheel · Genscher · Bangemann · Lambsdorff · Kinkel · Gerhardt · Westerwelle


Leaders in the
Bundestag Heuss · Schäfer · Euler · Schäfer · Dehler · Becker · Mende · Kühlmann-Stumm · Mischnick · Solms · Gerhardt · Westerwelle · Homburger


Governments Adenauer I · Adenauer II · Adenauer IV · Adenauer V · Erhard I · Erhard II · Brandt I · Brandt II · Schmidt I · Schmidt II · Schmidt III · Kohl I · Kohl II · Kohl III · Kohl IV · Kohl V · Merkel II


Affiliated
organisations Federal Association of Liberal Students Groups · Friedrich Naumann Foundation · Young Liberals · Liberal International · European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party · Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe


Related articles Liberalism in Germany · Jamaica coalition · Social-liberal coalition · Traffic light coalition


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Portal:Politics - List of political parties - Politics of Germany



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Hans-Dietrich GenscherFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search
Hans-Dietrich Genscher

Hans-Dietrich Genscher, 1978



Foreign Minister of Germany
In office
17 May 1974 – 17 September 1982
Preceded by Walter Scheel
Succeeded by Helmut Schmidt (acting)
In office
1 October 1982 – 17 May 1992
Preceded by Helmut Schmidt (acting)
Succeeded by Klaus Kinkel



Minister of the Interior of Germany
In office
22 October 1969 – 16 May 1974
Preceded by Ernst Benda
Succeeded by Werner Maihofer
Personal details
Born 21 March 1927 (1927-03-21) (age 84)
Reideburg, Germany
Political party Free Democratic Party of Germany (1952–present)
Other political
affiliations Nazi Party (1945)
Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (GDR) (1946-52)

Spouse(s) Barbara Schmidt Genscher
Occupation Politician


George H. W. Bush and Hans-Dietrich Genscher, November 21st, 1989.
Genscher in the then GDR in 1990Hans-Dietrich Genscher (born 21 March 1927) is a German politician of the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP). He served as Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1982 and, after a two-week pause, from 1982 to 1992, making him Germany's longest serving Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor. In 1991, he was Chairman of the OSCE.

Contents [hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Political career
1.3 Reunification efforts
1.4 Career after politics
2 See also
3 References


[edit] Biography[edit] Early lifeGenscher was born at Reideburg (Province of Saxony), now a part of Halle, in what later became East Germany. He was drafted to serve as a member of the Air Force Support Personnel (Luftwaffenhelfer) at the age of 16. In 1945 he became a member of the Nazi Party. According to Genscher's statements, this happened through a collective application in his Wehrmacht unit and against his own intentions.

Genscher fought as a young man in the Wehrmacht at the end of the Second World War. In 1945, Genscher was a young soldier in General Walther Wenck's 12th Army. Genscher briefly became an American and British prisoner of war. After World War II, he studied law and economics at the universities of Halle and Leipzig (1946�) and joined the East German Liberal Democratic Party (LDPD) in 1946.

[edit] Political careerIn 1952, Genscher fled to West Germany, where he joined the Free Democratic Party (FDP). He passed his second state examination in law in Hamburg in 1954 and became a solicitor in Bremen.

In 1965 Genscher was elected on the North Rhine-Westphalian FDP list to the West German parliament and remained a member of parliament until his retirement in 1998. After serving in several party offices, he was appointed Minister of the Interior by Chancellor Willy Brandt, whose Social Democratic Party was in coalition with the FDP, in 1969 in 1974, he became foreign minister and Vice Chancellor.

In 1972, while Minister for the Interior, he rejected Israel’s offer to send an Israeli special forces unit to Germany to deal with the Black September hijacking of the 1972 Summer Olympics. The crisis ended in a bloody shootout at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base which left 11 hostages, 5 terrorists, and 1 German policeman dead. Genscher's popularity with Israel declined further when he endorsed the handing over of the three captured hijackers to the Palestinians following the hijacking of a Lufthansa plane on 29 October 1972.

In the SPD-FDP coalition, he helped shape Brandt's policy of deescalation with the communist East, commonly known as Ostpolitik, which was continued under Helmut Schmidt after Brandt's resignation in 1974.

Still, Genscher was one of the FDP's driving forces when, in 1982, the party switched sides from its coalition with the SPD to support the CDU/CSU in their Constructive Vote of No Confidence to have Helmut Schmidt replaced with Helmut Kohl as Chancellor. Despite the great controversy that accompanied this switch, he remained one of the most popular politicians in West Germany. He retained his posts as foreign minister and vice chancellor through German reunification and until 1992, when he stepped down for health reasons.

[edit] Reunification effortsHe is mostly respected for his efforts that helped spell the end the Cold War, and which led to German reunification, when Communist eastern European governments toppled in the late 1980s for example, he visited Poland to meet Lech Wałęsa as early as 1988. In 1988, he was awarded the Prize For Freedom of the Liberal International. One event remembered by many is his 30 September 1989 speech from the balcony of the German embassy in Prague, in whose courtyard thousands of East German citizens had assembled to flee to the West, when he announced that he had reached an agreement with the Communist Czechoslovakian government that the refugees could leave: "We have come to you to tell you that today, your departure ..." (German: "Wir sind zu Ihnen gekommen, um Ihnen mitzuteilen, dass heute Ihre Ausreise ..."). After these words, the speech drowned in cheers.[1]

In 1991, Genscher raced to recognize the Republic of Croatia in the Croatian War of Independence shortly after the Serbian attack on Vukovar. The rest of the European Union was pressured to follow suit soon afterward.

Genscher was also an active participant in the further development of the European Union, taking active part in the Single European Act Treaty negotiations in the mid 1980s, as well as the joint publication of the Genscher-Colombo plan with Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Emilio Colombo which advocated further integration and deepening of relations in the European Union towards a more federalist European State.

[edit] Career after politicsHaving finished his political career, Genscher has been active as a lawyer and in international relations organizations. He founded his own Hans-Dietrich Genscher Consult GmbH in 2000. In 2009 he expressed public concern at Pope Benedict XVI's lifting of excommunication of the bishops of the Society of Saint Pius X. Genscher wrote in the Mitteldeutsche Zeitung: Poles can be proud of Pope John Paul II. At the last papal election, we said We are the pope! But please—not like this.[2] He argued that Pope Benedict XVI is making a habit of offending non-Catholics. This is a deep moral and political question. It is about respect for the victims of crimes against humanity, Genscher said.[3]

[edit] See