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°¡»óÀÇ îØÀÌ º´·ÂÀ» µÎ °³ÀÇ îúàÊ¿¡ ºÐ»ê½ÃŲ´Ù¸é, ÀÌ¿¡ ¸Â¼ ¹Ý°ÝÀ» °¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇÒ ÀÏÀÔ´Ï´Ù. °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ îï¼¼°è¸¦ À§ÇùÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÑ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ÁøÃâÀÌ ¼º°øÇÏ¸é ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç Áö¿ª±îÁö Æı«ÀÇ À§ÇùÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µË´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ¿¡ À¯ÈÃ¥À» ¾²°Å³ª ¶Ç´Â ±¼º¹ÇÏ°í ¸¸´Ù¸é ±× Áï½Ã °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÇ À¯·´ ÁøÃâÀ» ¸·°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀº ¹«»êµÇ°í ¸» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
General Douglas MacArthur¡¯s
¡°Old soldiers never die.¡± Speech(April 19,1951)
¡°In war there can be no substitute for victory.¡±
I stand on this rostrum with a sense of deep humility and great pride-humility in the wake of those great American architects of our history who have stood here before me, pride in the reflection that this forum of legislative debate represents human liberty in the purest form yet devised.
Here are centered the hopes and aspirations and faiths of the entire human race.
I do not stand here as advocate for any partisan cause, for the issues are fundamental and reach quite beyond the realm of partisan consideration. They must be resolved on the highest plane of national interest if our course is to prove sound and our future protected.
I trust, therefore, that you will do me the justice of receiving that which I have to say as solely expressing the considered viewpoint of a fellow American.
I address you with neither rancor nor bitterness in the fading twilight of life, with but one purpose in mind: to serve my country.
The issues are global, and so interlocked that to consider the problems of one sector oblivious to those of another is but to court disaster for the whole. While Asia is commonly referred to as the gateway to Europe, it is no less true that Europe is the gateway to Asia, and the broad influence of the one cannot fail to have its impact upon the other. There are those who claim our strength is inadequate to protect on both fronts, that we cannot divide our effort. I can think of no greater expression of defeatism.
If a potential enemy can divide his strength on two fronts, it is for us to counter his effort. The Communist threat is a global one. Its successful advance in one sector threatens the destruction of every other sector. You cannot appease or otherwise surrender to communism in Asia without simultaneously undermining our efforts to halt its advance in Europe.
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±× °°Àº »óȲ¿¡¼ ÅÂÆò¾çÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó °¡»ó ħ·«ÀÚµéÀÌ Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À§ÇùÀûÀÎ °ø°Ý·Î°¡ ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Æòȷοî È£¼ö¿Í °°Àº Ä£±ÙÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
ÀϺ» ±¹¹ÎµéÀº Çö´ë»ç¿¡ ±â·ÏµÉ ÃÖ°íÀÇ °³ÇõÀ» ¼öÇàÇØ ¿Ô½À´Ï´Ù. ´ë´ÜÇÑ ÀÇÁö¿Í ¹è¿ì°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¿Á¤, ³î¶ó¿î ÀÌÇØ·ÂÀ¸·Î ÀϺ»ÀεéÀº ÀüÀïÀÇ ÂüÈ°¡ ³²±ä Àí´õ¹Ì ¼Ó¿¡¼ °³ÀÎÀû ÀÚÀ¯¿Í Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¸¾ö¼ºÀ» µå³ôÀÏ ¼ö Àִ ü°è¸¦ °Ç¼³ÇØ ³Â½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×¿¡ µû¸¥ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ Á¤Ä¡Àû µµ´ö¼º, °æÁ¦ È°µ¿ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯, »çȸ Á¤ÀÇÀÇ ÍÔåÀÀ̶ó´Â »ç¸íÀ» ºÎ¿©¹ÞÀº ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÓÛì¡ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ź»ýÇß½À´Ï´Ù.
Á¤Ä¡, °æÁ¦, ±×¸®°í »çȸÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é¿¡¼ ÀϺ»Àº Áö±Ý Áö±¸»óÀÇ ¸¹Àº ÀÚÀ¯ ±¹°¡¿Í ¾î±ú¸¦ ³ª¶õÈ÷ ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÁ¦ ´Ù½Ã´Â ¼¼°èÀÇ ½Å·Ú¸¦ Àú¹ö¸®´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀϺ»Àº ÀϺ»ÀÌ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ÀÇ Á¤¼¼ º¯È¿¡ ¸Å¿ì Áß´ëÇÏ°í À¯ÀÍÇÑ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëÇصµ ÁÁ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ´ç´çÈ÷ Áõ¸íÇØ ³Â½À´Ï´Ù. ÀϺ» ±¹¹ÎµéÀº ¿ÜºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ÀüÀï, È¥¶õ, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀ» µÑ·¯½Î°í Àִ ȥµ¿ µî ¿ÜºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ µµÀü¿¡ ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô ´ëóÇØ ¿ÔÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹ßÀüÀÇ ±â¼¼¸¦ Á¶±Ýµµ ´©±×·¯¶ß¸®Áö ¾ÊÀº ä ³»ºÎ Àü¼±¿¡¼ °ø»êÁÖÀǸ¦ ¸·¾Æ³Â½À´Ï´Ù.
Beyond pointing out these general truisms, I shall confine my discussion to the general areas of Asia.
Before one may objectively assess the situation now existing there, he must comprehend something of Asia¡¯s past and the revolutionary changes which have marked her course up to the present. Long exploited by the so-called colonial powers, with little opportunity to achieve any degree of social justice, individual dignity, or a higher standard of life such as guided our own noble administration of the Philippines, the peoples of Asia found their opportunity in the war just past to throw off the shackles of colonialism and now see the dawn of new opportunity, and heretofore unfelt dignity, and the self-respect of political freedom.
Mustering half of the earth¡¯s population, and 60 percent of its natural resources, these peoples are rapidly consolidating a new force, both moral and material, with which to raise the living standard and erect adaptations of the design of modern progress to their own distinct cultural environments.
Whether one adheres to the concept of colonization or not, this is the direction of Asian progress and it may not be stopped. It is a corollary to the shift of the world economic frontiers as the whole epicenter of world affairs rotates back toward the area whence it started.
In this situation, it becomes vital that our own country orient its policies in consonance with this basic evolutionary condition rather than pursue a course blind to the reality that the colonial era is now past and the Asian peoples covet the right to shape their own free destiny. What they seek now is friendly guidance, understanding, and support, not imperious direction; the dignity of equality, not the shame of subjugation.
Their prewar standard of life, pitifully low, is infinitely lower now in the devastation left in war¡¯s wake. World ideologies play little part in Asian thinking and are little understood.
These political-social conditions have but an indirect bearing upon our own national security, but do form a backdrop to contemporary planning which must be thoughtfully considered if we are to avoid the pitfalls of unrealism.
Of more direct and immediate bearing upon our national security are the changes wrought in the strategic potential of the Pacific Ocean in the course of the postwar.
Prior thereto the western strategic frontier of the United States lay on the littoral line of the Americans, with an exposed island salient extending out through Hawaii, Midway, and Guam to the Philippines, That salient proved not an outpost of strength but an avenue of weakness along which the enemy could and did attack. The Pacific was a potential area of advance for any predatory force intent upon striking at the bordering land areas.
All this was changed by our Pacific victory. Our strategic frontier then shifted to embrace the entire Pacific Ocean, which became a vast moat to protect as long as we held it. Indeed, it acts as a protective shield for all of the Americas and all free lands of the Pacific Ocean area. We control it to the shores of Asia by a chain of islands extending in an arc from the Aleutians to the Marianas, held by us and our free allies.
From this island chain we can dominate with sea and air power every Asiatic port from Vladivostok to Singapore¡ªwith sea and air power, every port, as I said, from Vladivostok to Singapore¡ªand prevent any hostile movement into the Pacific.
Any predatory attack from Asia must be an amphibious effort. No amphibious force can be successful without control of the sea lanes and the air over those lanes in its avenue of advance. With naval and air supremacy and modest ground elements to defend bases, any major attack from continental Asia toward us or our friends of the Pacific would be doomed to failure.
Under such conditions, the Pacific no longer represents menacing avenues of approach for a prospective invader. It assumes, instead, the friendly aspect of a peaceful lake¡¦.
The Japanese people since the war have undergone the greatest reformation recorded on modern history. With a commendable will, eagerness to learn, and marked capacity to understand, they have from the ashes left in war¡¯s wake erected in Japan an edifice dedicated to the primacy of individual liberty and personal dignity, and on the ensuing process there has been created a truly representative government committed to the advance of political morality, freedom of economic enterprise, and social justice.
Politically, economically and socially Japan is now abreast of many free nations of the earth and will not again fail the universal trust. That it may be counted upon to wield a profoundly beneficial influence over the course of events in Asia is attested by the magnificent manner in which the Japanese people have met the recent challenge of war, unrest, and confusion surrounding them from the outside and checked communism within their own frontiers without the slightest slackening in their forward progress.
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¾Ð·Ï° ÀÌºÏ Áö¿ª Àû±ºÀÇ á¡æ´À» ¹«·ÂȽÃŲ´Ù´Â ±º»çÀû Çʿ伺°ú´Â º°°³·Î, Àú´Â ÀüÀï ¼öÇà °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¸î °¡Áö ±º»çÀû ÇൿÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ´À²¼½À´Ï´Ù. ù°, Áß±¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æÁ¦ ºÀ¼â °È, µÑ°, Áß±¹ Çؾȿ¡ ÇØ»ó ºÀ¼â °Çà, ¼Â°, Áß±¹ÀÇ ÇØ¾È Áö¿ª°ú ¸¸ÁÖ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÁß Á¤Âû Á¦ÇÑ Ã¶Æó, ³Ý°, ´ë¸¸ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯Áß±¹±º¿¡°Ô ³»·ÁÁø Á¦ÇÑÀÇ Ã¶Æó¿Í Áß±¹ º»Åä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¿°úÀû ÀÛÀü ¼öÇàÀ» À§ÇÑ º´Âü Áö¿ø µîÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ßÇØ´Â »ç½Ç ¸ðµÎ Çѱ¹¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¸® ¹Ì±ºÀ» Áö¿øÇÏ°í ÃÖ´ëÇÑ ½Å¼ÓÈ÷ Àû´ë ÇàÀ§¸¦ Á¾½Ä½ÃÅ°µÇ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¹Ì±º ¹× ¿¬ÇÕ±ºÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûÀ» Èñ»ý½ÃÅ°Áö ¾Ê±â À§Çؼ Àü¹®ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸µÈ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ °ßÇظ¦ °¡Á³´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î Àú´Â ºñÀü¹®°¡ Áý´Ü, ƯÈ÷ ¿Ü±¹Àεé·ÎºÎÅÍ È¤µ¶ÇÑ ºñ³À» ¹Þ¾Æ ¿Ô½À´Ï´Ù. Á¦°¡ ¾Ë±â·Î´Â ±º»çÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ¿¡¼ º¸¾ÒÀ» ¶§ ¾Õ¼ ¸»ÇÑ ÀÇ°ßµéÀÌ ¿ì¸® ÇÕµ¿Âü¸ðº»ºÎ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇØ, °ú°Å »ç½Ç»ó Çѱ¹Àü°ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ±º»ç ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÇ°ß ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ º¸¾Ò´ø °ßÇØÀÓ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¸»ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Àú´Â º´·Â Áõ°À» ¿ä±¸Çß½À´Ï´Ù¸¸ ±º»ç·Â Áõ°Àº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â ÀÀ´äÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¹àÇû½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¸¾à, ¾Ð·Ï° À̺ÏÀÇ Àû±º ±âÁö Æı«³ª, ´ë¸¸¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾à 60¸¸ÀÇ ¿ì¹æ Áß±¹±ºÀÇ È°¿ëÀ» Çã¶ô¹ÞÁö ¸øÇϰųª, Áß±¹ÀÇ ÇؾÈÀ» ºÀ¼âÇØ Áß°ø±ºÀÌ ¿ÜºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ Áö¿øÀ» ¾òÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ¸·µµ·Ï Çã¶ôÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×¸®°í º´·ÂÀÌ ´ëÆø °ÈµÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Èñ¸ÁÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù¸é, ±º»çÀûÀÎ °ßÁö¿¡¼ º¼ ¶§´Â ¸í·É±ÇÀÚÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀÌ ½Â¸®¸¦ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¹àÇû½À´Ï´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â Çѱ¹¿¡¼ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ÀÛÀüÀ» ÅëÇØ ¹öÆ¿ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¿ì¸® ÜÍÐåàÊ(º¸±Þ¼±)ÀÇ ¿ìÀ§¿Í Àû±º º¸±Þ¼±ÀÇ ºÒ¸®ÇÔÀÌ ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô ±ÕÇüÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â ¾î¶² Áö¿ª¿¡¼ °è¼Ó ¹öÆ¿ ¼ö´Â ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °Å±â¼ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ù¶ö ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ±â²¯ÇØ¾ß ÁöÁöºÎÁøÇÑ ÀüÅõ»ÓÀÔ´Ï´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ Àû±ºÀÌ ±º»ç º´·ÂÀ» Àü¸é µ¿¿øÇÒ °æ¿ì ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ½É°¢ÇÑ º´·Â ¼Ò¸ð¸¦ °¨´çÇÏ¸é¼ ¸»ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
I sent all four of our occupation divisions to the Korean battlefront without the slightest qualms as to the effect of the resulting power vacuum upon Japan. The results fully justified my faith¡¦.
While this brief insight into the surrounding areas, I now turn to the Korean conflict.
While I was not consulted prior to the president¡¯s decision to intervene in support of the Republic of Korea, that decision, from a military standpoint, proved a sound one. As I say, a brief and sound one, as we hurled back the invader and decimated his forces. Our victory was complete, and our objectives within reach when Red China intervened with numerically superior ground forces.
This created a new war and an entirely new situation, a situation not contemplated when our forces were committed against the North Korean invaders¡ªa situation which called for new decisions in the diplomatic sphere to permit the realistic adjustment of military strategy. Such decisions have not been forthcoming. While no man in his right mind would advocate sending our ground forces into continental China, and such was never given a thought, the new situation did urgently demand a drastic revision of strategic planning if our political aim was to defeat this new enemy as we had defeated the old.
Apart from the military need, as I saw it, to neutralize the sanctuary protection given the enemy north of the Yalu, I felt that military necessity on the conduct of the war made necessary (1) the intensification of our economic blockade against China; (2) the imposition of a naval blockade against the China coast; (3) removal of restrictions on air reconnaissance of China¡¯s coastal areas and of Manchuria; (4) removal of restrictions on the forces of the Republic of China on Formosa, with logistical support to contribute to their effective operation against the Chinese mainland.
For entertaining these views, all professionally designed to support our forces in Korea and to bring hostilities to an end with the least possible delay and at a saving of countless American and Allied lives, I have been severely criticized in lay circles, principally abroad, despite my understanding that from a military standpoint the above views have been fully shared in the past by practically every military leader concerned with the Korean campaign, including our own Joint Chiefs of Staff.
I called for reinforcements, but was informed that reinforcements were not available. I made clear that if not permitted to destroy the enemy built-up bases north of the Yalu, if not permitted to utilize the friendly Chinese force of some 600,000 men on Formosa, if not permitted to blockade the China coast to prevent the Chinese Reds from getting succor from without, and if there were to be no hope of major reinforcements, the position of the command from the military standpoint forbade victory.
We could hold in Korea by constant maneuver and at an approximate area where our supply-line advantages were in balance with the supply-line disadvantages of the enemy, but we could hope at best for only an indecisive campaign with its terrible and constant attrition upon our forces if the enemy utilizes its full military potential.
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