by Kim Pyung-woo (Attorney and Former Head of Korea Bar Association)
President Park Geun-hye was impeached less than 12 years after former president Roh Moo-hyun faced the same fate. It is a world record when it comes to presidential impeachments. Let¡¯s take a look at the differences between the impeachments of Roh and Park.
First, let¡¯s examine the differences in background. The left-wing Roh¡¯s impeachment was triggered by the 16th National Assembly that was dominated by conservative lawmakers, while conservative Park¡¯s impeachment was spearheaded by the 20th National Assembly dominated by left-wing lawmakers.
The lawmakers at the National Assembly had less than three months left in their terms when Roh was impeached, while Roh had four years left in his tenure. In contrast, Park is a lame duck president with less than a year left in office, while the lawmakers have more than three years left in their terms.
In short, Roh¡¯s impeachment was an attack against a rising president by a National Assembly on the decline, while Park¡¯s impeachment was an attack by a waning president by a rising National Assembly.
Let¡¯s delve into the main points. First, let¡¯s look at the rationale for impeachment. Roh¡¯s impeachment was triggered by comments he made during a press conference in early 2004 in which he urged voters to cast their ballots for the Uri Party. He was warned by the National Election Commission to abide by regulations requiring public officials from maintaining political neutrality. However, Roh then complained that he was fed up with the presidency, that Korean regulations were preposterous, that he would quit if his campaign funds were found to exceed a tenth of what the Grand National Party had spent and proposed to hold a referendum on his leadership. In short, Roh¡¯s trademark vitriol ahead of general elections triggered a political war. In contrast, the rationale for Park¡¯s impeachment are charges of bribery, abuse of power and coercion.
Although she did not profit personally, the National Assembly accused Park of committing financial crimes by considering as personal gains donations made by big businesses to the non-profit Mir Foundation and business earnings made by her longtime confidante Choi Soon-sil. On top of that, the National Assembly added another charge of neglecting the rights to life of citizens, because Park did not clearly explain what she did during a seven-hour period on the day of the Sewol ferry disaster in 2014. Park did not make a single penny, but lawmakers assumed she did nonetheless and accused her of committing brazen financial offenses. This can only be construed as an emotional act of political revenge. And impeaching Park for her whereabouts during an incident that occurred two years ago is also an emotional act of vengeance.
The president is serving a single term that ends a year later. So why are lawmakers taking such emotional and vindictive steps to impeach her? Opposition lawmakers won 57 percent of the seats at the National Assembly during general elections held in April of last year (it was the first time in 12 years that the opposition gained a majority of seats in parliament) and became hell bent on pushing the president to resign after her approval ratings hit rock bottom. But after Park resisted stepping down voluntarily, I believe opposition lawmakers took revenge by impeaching her. However, the rationale for impeachment was shaky prompting opposition lawmakers to blame Park for offenses allegedly committed by Choi and take the excessively emotion step of bringing up the Sewol incident that occurred more than two years ago.
As seen earlier, Roh¡¯s impeachment was based on a clear-cut accusation involving comments he made in public, while the required evidence was very clear. And the alleged violations were quite evident as well (there was even a warning by the National Election Commission). As a result, the Constitutional Court was able to arrive at a ruling in just two months after only seven hearings. The ruling was also quite simple, since the focus was on whether Roh¡¯s comments, although in breach of regulations, were serious enough to impeach him. At the time, the Constitutional Court recognized that Roh had violated regulations in making such comments, but that they were not serious enough to warrant impeachment.
In contrast, there are 13 different reasons cited by lawmakers to impeach Park. Unlike Roh, Park has been accused of financial crimes, including bribery and coercion. As a result, the key issue is not whether her alleged offenses were grave enough to warrant impeachment. At issue is whether she would be able to continue her duties as the country¡¯s leader if she is found guilty of bribery and extortion.
The problem is not whether the rationale for impeachment is true or not. The National Assembly submitted newspaper clippings and indictments by prosecutors as evidence backing their impeachment. But the pieces of so-called evidence are not suitable to be presented to a court of law. If so, the trial requires the testimony of all witnesses involved. As a result, the trial must drag on. If it was an ordinary criminal trial, it could last years.
Dec. 21, 2016
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