by Kim Pyung-woo (Attorney and former head of Korean Bar Association)
The main difference between the impeachment proceeding in Korea and the U.S. is the process of gathering and submitting evidence. The U.S. constitution clearly stipulates how evidence must be gathered and submitted. Three out of the 10 articles in the amendment to the U.S. constitution that have to do with the process of collecting evidence. Any piece of evidence that was not gathered in accordance with such procedures are inadmissible in court. The U.S. principle concerning admissible evidence largely break down into the prohibition of searches without a court warrant, prohibition of enforcing testimony against the will of an individual, prohibition of evidence based in hearsay and the prohibition of interrogation done without the presence of an attorney.
The impeachment of former U.S. president Bill Clinton stemmed from a sex scandal with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. The news media had a field day with that scandal. At that time, almost all American newspapers and programs were inundated with reports about the sex scandal, ranging from all kinds of rumors dating back to Clinton's days as governor of Arkansas. The president's popularity sank, while politicians shunned even having their photos taken with him. Even then vice president Al Gore distanced himself from Clinton.
But the U.S. House of Representatives encountered a problem as they were about to impeach Clinton. There was no piece of evidence that was admissible in court. There were literally mountains of reports and photographs published by the news media over a period of several months. But not a single news report was presented as evidence in the impeachment hearing, since they were not gathered according to proper procedures. Since they are inadmissible in court, such pieces of evidence are considered trash from a legal perspective. If a prosecutor or lawyer presents such evidence in court, he or she would be reprimanded and possibly stripped of their titles. This is because they attempted to sway the opinion of the jury through illegally obtained evidence.
If Lewinsky pressed charges, then her testimony in court could have been considered as admissible evidence. But she did not and there was no admissible evidence. There was an audio recording of Lewinsky confessing to her friend that she had sexual relations with Clinton. But the recording was done by her friend without a proper warrant and was not admissible in court. Submitting the recording would have merely resulted in the friend's arrest. Independent counsel Kenneth Starr tried to interview Clinton, who was not obliged to appear before him. And Clinton had the right to remain silent should he sit face to face with Starr. Repeatedly asking Clinton the same question could have led to Starr being punished for unlawful arrest and enforcing testimony.
During that time, a woman named Paula Jones surfaced on the radar. She claimed to have had sexual contact with Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas. Jones filed charges against Clinton accusing him of sexual harassment and applied to have Lewinsky and Clinton serve as witnesses. Once they take an oath in court, Clinton and Lewinsky would be bound by law to tell the truth. This is the final bastion of morality in the U.S. Lewinsky admitted partially to engaging in sexual conduct with Clinton. And as a lawyer by training, Clinton skillfully denied having a sexual relationship with Lewinsky. Starr managed to obtain testimony given under oath that was admissible as evidence in a court of law. Starr reported that the testimony was evidence of perjury and obstruction of justice. And the House of Representatives ended up charging Clinton. The American principle of admissible evidence applied without exception to the impeachment process.
Let's take a look at the process of gathering and submitting evidence in Korea. The Choi Soon-sil gate triggered the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye. It may not be as sexually-laced as the Lewinsky scandal, but is just as interesting in terms of political intrigue. First, Choi is a longtime confidante of Park and a divorcee. On top of that, Choi has a daughter who had a child out of wedlock. Choi is also the daughter of a man who died 20 years ago and is rumored to have had an unusual relationship with Park. According to claims made by Park's opponents, Choi meddled in state affairs for personal gain and even interfered in the appointment of high-ranking government officials. She is even said to have edited the president's speeches.
The news media has been delivering around-the-clock reporting on the scandal, which naturally shocked and angered the public. It is no surprise to see the public call for the resignation of the president. But the problem rests in the process of gathering evidence. The news media did all of the probing on behalf of investigators. Any investigating conducted by the news media is both illegal and lacks impartiality. Journalists searched homes and offices without court-issued warrants and grabbed evidence and recorded conversations. Comments were edited in order to highlight the shock factor. Questions asked by reporters were transformed into answers, while photographs were choreographed. Choi and others involved in the scandal quickly became enemies of the state. Photos of people who are close to the enemy featured them with angry expressions, while pictures of officials on the other side showed them smiling. The opinions, assumptions and estimates of journalists end up being reported as fact. Information that is disadvantageous to the view of the news reports are either completely ignored or downplayed. Bits of information supporting the claims of Park's opponents multiply, while pieces of evidence are modified and even fabricated.
This is not only apparent in news reports, but opinion pieces published in the dailies, which select only pieces of information that side with their views. The publication or broadcast of opposing views are strictly regulated and edited. In the end, newspaper headlines and breaking news captions end up becoming the conclusion. The news media end up becoming the judge. Should we switch to a system where journalists do the investigating and the producers of broadcast news programs act as judges?
Prosecutors read up on the latest points of investigations conducted by journalists and augment their questions aimed at suspects and witnesses. Why did the news media end up replacing judicial authorities and pass judgment on suspects? The reason is simple. There is no precedent as in the U.S. of allowing only admissible pieces of evidence. The courts are unable to glean through the mountains of trash that are being presented as evidence, even though they were not gathered through the legal process. It is difficult to gather admissible evidence, while anyone can generate trash. So which side will win? In Korea, the side with the most evidence will prevail. Who is going to argue with the side that claims to have more evidence, even though it was not gathered through the proper legal process? If that side loses, it will turn to the news media and make a fuss about how they mountains of evidence they submitted were ignored.
The U.S. places such importance on using only admissible evidence, in order to prevent illicitly-gathered evidence from being used to punish its citizens, sending them to jail, losing their property and even ousting the president. In other words, only admissible evidence is accepted, in order to prevent illicit trials and impeachments from taking place. Our Constitution contains clauses requiring warrants to obtain evidence and prohibiting the use of coercion to obtain testimony. However, our Supreme Court and Constitutional Court has yet to establish a legal precedent forbidding the submission of inadmissible evidence that was not gathered through the proper legal process. The prevailing view is to submit the evidence and hop that the judge will accept it. Most of the judges and prosecutors in our country spend time studying in the U.S. using taxpayers' money. Yet whatever they learn appears to be left behind in the U.S. Once they return to Korea, prosecutors and judges stand firmly opposed to any steps aimed at reforms aiming to weaken the power and authority of judges and prosecutors. They think that their vested rights are a gift from heaven. That mentality is no different among human rights lawyers. They have no interest in taking on cases that have no political implications.
A look at the impeachment bill targeting Park shows 21 pieces of evidence submitted by the National Assembly. They include two written indictments made by prosecutors, two rulings made by the Constitutional Court and Supreme Court, and 15 speeches made by the president and news reports. Written indictments reflect the opinions of an individual no matter who wrote them. Court rulings and speeches can serve as reference, but cannot be considered as evidence. And the 15 newspaper articles cannot be viewed as admissible evidence. I urge the Constitutional Court to return the 15 newspaper articles and warn the National Assembly not to use such items as pieces of evidence. That is the only way we can prevent the news media from behaving like group of posse investigators leading to the demise of our nation. In order to gain the public's confidence in the rulings made by our courts, we need to drive out the trash being presented as evidence and replace them with admissible ones.
Jan. 9, 2017
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