President is Victim of Inter-Party Feuds and Irrational Constitutional System

(3) Korea's Rushed Impeachment: How is it Different from the U.S.?

by Kim Pyung-woo (Attorney and former head of Korean Bar Association)

Why does Korea boast the highest impeachment ratio in the world? Why has the impeachment process in Korea mutated from a standoff in government policy or moral standards into a dirty power struggle and nasty factional feud aimed at bringing down the president? Why is it possible in Korea to pass an impeachment bill in less than a week? Why does such an important issue as the impeachment of the head of state be put to a speedy vote without even being preceded by a debate? Why do Korean lawmakers tender their resignations en masse before voting on an impeachment motion as if they are yakuza gangsters signing an oath of loyalty in blood before heading out to a turf war?

Why does the side that wins the impeachment vote toast its victory as if impeaching their leader is something to enjoy (as seen among opposition party lawmakers after an impeachment bill targeting President Park Geun-hye was passed in late 2016)? Why does the side that loses rip their clothes, hurl expletives and bash up chairs (as seen among ruling Uri Party members when an impeachment bill targeting President Roh Moo-hyun was passed in 2004)? The Constitution stipulates that the National Assembly files the charges and that the Constitutional Court is the one that arrives at a ruling. This is a phenomenon worthy of research by political scientists, cultural anthropologists and historians.

As a lawyer, I wish to shed light on the pan-institutional aspect of the phenomenon. First, let us look at the effects of impeachment. In Korea, the effects of impeachment are markedly different than the effects seen in the U.S. The American constitution has two articles -- number five and 14 -- that concern due process. The articles simply state that the government cannot take away the lives or freedom of its citizens without adhering to due process. The U.S. Supreme Court has declared that a state agency cannot take away the life or freedom of a suspect until he or she has been found guilty through the due process of a fair and impartial court of law. This is the so-called principle of innocence until proven guilty. This principle applies directly to the process of impeachment. Even if the U.S. House of Representatives impeaches a president, he is not stripped of his powers. The U.S. is not the only country that observes such due process. Brazil also does that and does not construe an impeachment as an automatic guilty verdict.

Both parties in an impeachment proceeding must be treated as equals. That is because everyone is equal before the law. It goes against the constitutional principles of due process and equality for the National Assembly to assume a superior attitude than the president, simply because it is the one seeking to impeach the leader. Yet Article 50 of our Constitutional Court's legal code stipulates that a president facing impeachment must have his or her powers suspended until the court reaches a ruling. This clearly places the plaintiff in a more advantageous position than the defendant. There is no rational explanation given for such treatment, even though the code appears to be a clear violation of Article 12 Clause 2 of the Constitution, which concerns due process, and Article 11 Clause 1 regarding equality. Yet not a single human rights lawyer or Constitutional researcher has pointed this out.

The problem is that such irrational regulations are often abused. If the president is stripped of her powers following impeachment by lawmakers, a huge power vacuum is created in state affairs. The president is the supreme commander of our military and the centerpiece of our nation's diplomacy. What will happen if a war breaks out or a major diplomatic dispute erupts while the president has been stripped of her powers? What if a civil war, major public unrest or financial crisis breaks out? Even if the prime minister serves as acting president, he cannot completely replace the head of state.

An even more troubling prospect is that nobody can estimate how long the Constitutional Court will take in reaching a ruling. What if the court takes six months or even a year? On the other hand, should we urge the court to rush through the process and take shortcuts? That does not make any sense either. That means the court needs to reach a speedy ruling. But will either side be willing to accept the court's expedited ruling? There is already talk among some opposition lawmakers that the public should launch a major revolution if the court dismisses the impeachment bill. The public should be seriously worried about the future of our nation.

But for Korean politicians, the national crisis offers fresh opportunities to seize power. Regardless of the validity of the rationale they applied to the impeachment bill and regardless of the ruling by the Constitutional Court, they consider it a 50-percent victory to have had Park stripped of her powers. The Korean news media, prosecutors and business conglomerates, which are extremely sensitive to power and authority, are kowtowing to the opposition parties, while thinking about pressuring the Constitutional Court to uphold the impeachment bill.

It would not be a bad thing if the Constitutional Court dismisses the impeachment bill. Park has entered the final year of her single, five-year presidency and is a lame duck. Nobody will be held responsible if the impeachment bill is dismissed. In fact, nobody stands to lose, because candle-light protesters simply have to continue demonstrating by claiming that the Constitutional Court reached the wrong ruling. And the president, whose powers had been suspended, simply has to wait a few more months until her term ends. However, if the opposition seizes power, the president may have to brace for political reprisals. This is why stripping the president of her powers is such an unfair and irrational measure. Unless we scrap this measure soon, we may see a third and fourth ludicrous impeachment lead our country to ruin.

The effects of impeachment proceedings in the U.S. and Korea are markedly different. The U.S. has a vice president who will be able to step in if the president is impeached. As a result, there is no need to hold new presidential elections. There is no power vacuum and no taxpayers' money is wasted on holding fresh elections. And the opposition party will not feel the need to push ahead with impeachment. In the case of former U.S. president Bill Clinton's impeachment, there were 55 Republican lawmakers. And the Republican Party may have succeed in meeting the quorum of 67 votes to oust Clinton if all of its members were forced to pledge their loyalty by tendering resignations en masse as in Korea and the party went all out to pressure Democrats to come to their side.

But such practices are fundamentally impossible in the U.S., since then vice president Al Gore would automatically assume power until the remainder of Clinton's term. The Republican Party would gain nothing so why would it be prompted to rush through with the impeachment? But Korea does not have a vice president. Fresh elections are held as soon as the president is impeached out of office and a successor must be found. The Constitution stipulates that a fresh round of elections must be held within 60 days. A two-month-long power vacuum and wasted state funds could have been prevented if we had a vice president. On top of that, impeachment gives opposition lawmakers a much-awaited chance to grab power. This naturally leads to a power grab by abusing the impeachment process.

For instance, if Park had a vice president, he or she would assume power if the Constitutional Court upheld the impeachment bill. And the next presidential election will be held as scheduled in December of 2017. The vice president could even run for the presidency during the upcoming elections. This may be up for interpretation, but from a logical standpoint, it may be difficult to require the vice president to adhere to the single-term rule that is applied to the president. That would make it tough for the opposition to benefit from pushing ahead with the impeachment process. As a result, abuses of the impeachment process will disappear from Korean politics.

Rushed impeachment bills are the result of Korean politicians placing the interests of their parties ahead of the safety and wellbeing of the public. But part of the blame should also go to defects in our system that made such abuses possible.

Jan. 9, 2017


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