by Kim Pyung-woo (Attorney and former head of Korean Bar Association)
The impeachment bill targeting President Park Geun-hye did not consider the fact that the quasi-tax-related conduct involving the leader involved the public's interest and did not entail any legal violations. As a result, the impeachment bill violated political practices seen over the last half century that did not investigate, punish or impeach leaders who committed the same acts. This also means that the impeachment bill targeting the president goes against Article 12 of the Constitution (due process).
The legal violations allegedly committed by the president that are listed on the impeachment bill passed by the National Assembly in early December can be divided into four broad categories. (1) amassing funds in the form of donations gathered through the Mir and K-Sports foundations, (2) crimes related to funds collected from the Lotte Group, (3) crimes related to providing special favors for Choi Soon-sil and (4) the leak of classified documents.
Let's first look at legal violations (1) and (2). (1) involves the allegations that W48.6 billion in donations made to the Mir Foundation by 16 major business conglomerates in November of 2015 and W77.4 billion in donations made to the K-Sports Foundation by 16 business conglomerates, including Hyundai Motor Group, during February to August of 2016, were the result of coercion by Park, while the W20.4 billion donated by Samsung Group, W11.1 billion by SK Group and W4.5 billion by Lotte Group, were allegedly made in exchange for favors and thus constitute bribes.
Legal violations (2) involving additional donations collected from Lotte Group refer to the W7.5 billion the conglomerate transferred to K-Sports Foundation in May of 2016 (Lotte received the money back three days later) allegedly constitute bribery, coercion and abuse of power, since the money was given following demands by the president and Choi in return for favors granted to the conglomerate. (2) is an extension of (1) included in the impeachment bill. As a result, the Mir and K-Sports foundations are at the heart of the impeachment bill.
Let's first examine the bribery charge. In order for a bribery charge to be established, the suspect must provide the bribe either directly or through a third party. But the W77.4 billion the major business conglomerate provided did not go into the president's or Choi's pockets, but were donations given to the Mir and K-Sports foundations and the two organizations still hold most of that money. Both of the foundations are non-profit organizations so the president cannot own them. And the directors of the non-profit foundations are not related to the president in any way. Finding the president guilty of receiving bribes simply because she pursued the establishment of the foundations and was involved in the collection of donations goes against legal principles.
The same goes for charges of coercion and abuse of power. According to the impeachment bill, the president wields so much power that the heads of the business conglomerates could not refuse her requests to donate money, thereby making Park guilty of abuse of power and coercion. But there is no legal precedent finding a president of abuse of power or coercion simply because of the power he wields. Yet nowhere in the impeachment bill are there specific references to just how the president committed those offenses. A closer look at violation (2) involving Lotte Group's additional donation contains no mention of Park making such demands. So how can she be charged with abuse of power or coercion?
Fundamentally, the first standard in deciding the illegality of an offense is a precedent. (In the U.S., it is impossible to make an indictment if there is no similar legal precedent. That arbitrary indictment is in itself a violation of legal principles yet serves as a rationale for impeachment.) There are precedents of former Korean presidents establishing various non-profit foundations or pursuing charitable businesses and formally requesting donations from big business groups. Presidential secretaries telephoned the owners of business conglomerates and encouraged them to donate money, while big business lobby groups allocated donations among member companies. One former president created a financial foundation and is said to have collected around W200 billion in donations. Another ex-president is also said to have taken similar steps. This is the so-called quasi-tax-related conduct that has become common place in Korea. Yet no former president has ever been punished or impeached due to such quasi-tax-related conduct.
Until now, Korea's news media, prosecutors and lawmakers have never cried foul over such quasi-tax-related conduct. So, can we safely say that it has been the legal and political practice so far not to punish a president for his or her alleged quasi-tax-related conduct? This half-decade-long practice that has been observed without exception can be classified as common law, which is stipulated under Article 1 of Korea's Civil Law, and we should be obligated to respect it. But the entire nation is up in arms against the president's quasi-tax-related conduct. And the amount involved is only W70 billion, which is virtually miniscule compared to the money collected by former presidents.
Prosecutors said the president's immunity prevented them from indicting her (why did they bother to investigate her if they knew they could not indict her?). The news media has gone into a frenzy pumping out reports that make it sound as if Park's quasi-tax-related conduct is unprecedented in Korea's history, while making no mention of similar acts committed by previous presidents. And a total of 234 lawmakers ratified the impeachment bill. All of these actions constitute a complete disregard for Korea's political and legal practices or unwritten law.
But this is not to say that the president's quasi-tax-related conduct is justified. The donations impose burdens on big businesses and weaken their international competitiveness, while opening up the possibility of corruption. Such practices should be done away with. Yet it is not fair to the president to take practices that have been taking place for half a century and hold her solely accountable for them and suddenly question their legality. If Park's quasi-tax-related conduct is found to have violated laws, then past presidents must also be indicted if the statute of limitations on their acts are still valid.
Why haven't prosecutors or lawmakers prosecuted or impeached past presidents for their quasi-tax-related conducts on charges of abuse of power, coercion or bribery? Let's consider this fact one more time. The answer is simple. It is probably because of the difficulty in proving the illegality of the act according to Article 20 of the Criminal Law that pertains to justifiable actions, since the president did not pursue personal gain, but sought to promote the best interests of the public and the nation. That is why, although the quasi-tax-related conduct may have posed a burden on businesses and caused some stress, past presidents have not been held accountable for abuse of power or coercion. And that is why the term quasi-tax has been created to refer to the donations past presidents have imposed on businesses so far, even though they are not required by law.
Lawmakers were fully aware of this fact, but summoned the heads of major business conglomerates to the National Assembly anyway and subjected them to a lengthy browbeating, demanding that they confess that they donated the money because of pressure from the president. And through such arm-twisting were lawmakers able to arrive at charges of abuse of power, coercion and bribe taking against the president. In the end, lawmakers pushed ahead with the impeachment bill by dumping such unfair charges against Park. This was a case of unethical abuse of power by lawmakers. The corporate CEOs who have to endure such arm twisting by lawmakers truly deserve sympathy.
In conclusion, violations (1) and (2) as stated above are farfetched charges that ignore the legal principle of justifiable action. As a result, the impeachment targeting Park did not consider the fact that her quasi-tax-related conduct was committed not only for the interest of the public, but did not violate any laws. As a result, the impeachment goes against the political and legal practices that have been committed by past presidents over the last 50 years and that those leaders were not investigated, punished or impeached for such acts. This also means that the impeachment bill targeting the president goes against Article 12 of the Constitution (due process).
Dec. 25, 2016
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2016. 12. 25. ÑÑøÁéÞ