Perils of Rapid Growth of Democracy without Firm Legal Foundation

Korea's Constitutional system faces destruction less than 30 years after creation.

by Kim Pyung-woo (Attorney and former head of Korean Bar Association)

The Republic of Korea barely escaped destruction following three years of war triggered by North Korea's surprise invasion in 1950 thanks to the military assistance provided by the U.S. and other allies. But the country lost all of its industrial facilities during the war, while around two million people were killed and some 10 million were separated. Fortunately, the Republic of Korea succeeded in its economic development pursued since the late 1960s and the country developed into an industrial powerhouse that exports smartphones, automobiles and other products around the world.

At the same time, the Republic of Korea revised its Constitution in 1987 to adopt a single, five-year presidential term. As a result, Koreans elect a new president every five years and lawmakers every four years. Over the last 29 years, six presidential elections and eight elections were held to choose lawmakers. That means general elections were held every two years. Voter turnout has stood at more than 75 percent. From that perspective, not many countries around the world can boast the level of democracy enjoyed by Koreans.

The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea is a unicameral parliament. In addition to legislative powers and the authority to approve state budgets, lawmakers have the authority to audit and inspect the government, review the credentials of the prime minister, censure ministers and impeach the president. Not only that, lawmakers are immune to arrest.

In addition, lawmakers enjoy various economic benefits. They are paid hundreds of millions of won a year and are provided with two secretaries, car, office and expense accounts courtesy of taxpayers. Their airfare is also covered by the government and they receive pension payments even if they served as a lawmaker for one day.

Not only that, all candidates who run for public office receive campaign support funding from the government. As a result, presidential candidates and individuals running for the National Assembly do not have to go cap in hand to big businesses asking for money. Thanks to such benefits, the Republic of Korea saw rapid democratic progress along with its economic rise. And due to the existence of ruling and opposition parties, Korean politics is boisterous and dynamic.

Conservative lawmakers, who are similar to the U.S. Republican Party members, engage in fierce competition against progressives, who are the Korean equivalent of the American Democratic Party. Conservative and progressive presidential candidates as well as National Assembly contenders faced off fairly in recent elections. As a result, it is always difficult to project the outcomes of elections in Korea.

Over the past decade, the Republic of Korea has elected conservative candidates as presidents who enjoyed around 51 percent of the votes. Ten years before that, left-leaning candidates were elected president. In eight general elections held over the last 29 years, conservative candidates won a majority of National Assembly seats six times, while progressive candidates achieved that feat only twice. During general elections held in April of 2016, progressive candidates won around 57 percent of votes resulting in conservative President Park Geun-hye becoming not only a lame duck, but more like a political paraplegic.

General elections that are held every two years in Korea draw as much public interest as the World Cup football tournament held every four years. Once general election season comes around, voters become excited. Ofcourse the losing side becomes sorely disappointed.

During the general elections in April of last year, Korean voters were not distracted by major headlines, such as North Korea's nuclear weapons program and test launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile and the U.S. presidential election. In that sense, Korea's democracy is highly advanced just like its economy.

But democracy in Korea has a fatal weakness. This weakness is the illegal protests held by leftwing faction in the form of candle-light vigils. Candle-light protests trace their roots to 2002 during the final years of then president Kim Dae-jung's tenure. At that time, two school girls were killed after being hit by an armored U.S. military vehicle. Massive candle-light demonstrations continued for three months in 2008 after a documentary program aired by MBC grossly trumped up the fear of contracting mad cow disease from U.S. beef, whose imports resumed during the Lee Myung-bak administration. And in 2014, candle-light demonstrations were held again after the Sewol ferry sank off the southwest of Korea killing more than 300 passengers, mostly high school students on a trip.

Every time candle-light demonstrations were held, politicians refused to settle matters at the National Assembly (while refusing the relinquish any of the privileges they enjoy as lawmakers) and joined the protesters, instigating them to demand that the president step down. Yet our police and prosecutors were completely unable to resist the illegal protests and punish those responsible for leading them. Rather, our government created special laws to accommodate the excessive demands of the demonstrators.

At last, the candle-light protests culminated in 2016. Left-leaning politicians pulled off a major victory during the April, 2016 general elections, grabbing more than a majority of the seats at the National Assembly. Around six months later, a major scandal involving President Park Geun-hye's longtime confidante became the focus of intense media attention after a divorcee named Choi Soon-sil was reported to have edited the president's speeches, had her daughter gain admission to a university as a talented equestrian and received bribes from big businesses. Prosecutors even charged the president with abetting her crony, which was an unprecedented move in Korea.

Tens of thousands of angry protesters hit the streets holding candles and sang and danced as they demanded the president's resignation. The protests have continued for more than two months. Opposition party lawmakers deserted the National Assembly and headed to the streets to join the protesters, taking selfies with them and even instigating them to storm the gates of the presidential compound to drag Park out onto the streets. The president offered to appoint an independent counsel to thoroughly investigate the scandal and vowed to quit if her involvement was proven. But the protesters and opposition party lawmakers threatened to impeach Park unless she quit immediately.

Backed by some ruling party legislators, opposition party lawmakers passed a bill on Dec. 9 seeking to impeach Park. The bill of indictment did not contain concrete evidence. If fact, the bill of indictment merely contained the unprecedented comment made by prosecutors claiming that the president is under suspicion of taking part in and abetting the scandal involving her longtime confidante. The only other pieces of evidence in the bill of indictment were one-sided news reports about the scandal. The Constitutional Court must review the impeachment bill and at least six out of its nine justices must support it in order for the president's guilt to be proven and ousted from office.
 
But Moon Jae-in, the main opposition candidate for president, made several demands calling on the president to step down immediately. He also pledged to visit North Korea first if he is elected president, breaking from the long-standing tradition of newly-elected Korean leaders visiting Washington first. Meanwhile, protesters and opposition party lawmakers are calling on Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn, who is serving as acting president while Park's powers remain suspended, to step down and hand over control of government to leftwing politicians.

Korea is about to see the start of a popular uprising. Korea's constitutional system, which was responsible for the nation's rapid development over the last 29 years, is about to see its demise less than 30 years after its establishment. This is the tragic consequence of the rapid development Korea has achieved that resulted in a flourishing democracy built upon a weak legal framework.

Dec. 19, 2016


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2016. 12. 19.  ÑÑøÁéÞ


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